Remember

To find the conjugate acid of a species add H+;

To find the conjugate base of a species remove H+ ion. Students need to know which acids/alkali are strong and which are weak.

Strong acids: hydrochloric acid (HCl), sulphuric acid (H2SO4),

nitric acid (HNO3) Weak acids: ethanoic acid (CH3COOH) or any organic acid Strong alkali: sodium hydroxide (NaOH), Weak bases: ammonia (NH3), sodium carbonate (Na2CO3). Choice of indicators for titrations: Remember the pH titrations and the pH curves.

Strong acid: strong alkali - most indicators suitable Strong acid: weak base - methyl orange Weak Acid: strong alkali - phenolphthalein Weak acid: weak base - titrations not carried out.