Traumatic brain injury tied to increased risk of suicide
People who have traumatic brain injuries may be nearly twice as likely to die by suicide as individuals who don’t have a history of injuries like concussions and skull fractures, a large Danish study suggests.
Researchers examined data on more than 7.4 million people aged 10 years and older living in Denmark from 1980 to 2014. During this period, 567,823 people, or 7.6%, had received treatment for a traumatic brain injury.
By the end of 2014, a total of 34,529 people in the study had died by suicide. Among those with no history of traumatic brain injury (TBI), the suicide rate was 20 per 100,000 people per year, compared with a rate of 41 per 100,000 per year among those with a history of TBI, researchers report in JAMA.
“Head trauma can affect the brain’s functions, which can cause psychological problems and, consequently, increase the risk of suicide,” said lead study author Trine Madsen of the Danish Research Institute of Suicide Prevention and Psychiatric Center Copenhagen in Denmark.
“Suicide is fortunately still a very rare event,” Madsen said by email. “Even though we found that the relative risk of suicide was almost doubled after a traumatic brain injury, the absolute risk of suicide is still low.”
Out of all the people in the study who received treatment for a traumatic brain injury, 0.62% committed suicide, Madsen noted.
“That said, if a person develops post-TBI emotional problems or psychiatric symptoms, he or she should of course seek help or treatment for this in order to prevent (moving) toward suicidal ideation or behavior,” Madsen advised.
“In addition, traumatic brain injury can also cause long-term problems with physical symptoms (headache, dizziness, neck pain, etc.) and cognitive symptoms (memory impairment and concentration problems) which may lead to social problems and/or psychiatric symptoms,” Madsen said by email.
The biggest increased risk came with the worst brain injuries.
People with severe TBI were roughly 2.4 times more likely to commit suicide than individuals without brain injuries and people with skull fractures had twice the suicide risk of people without TBIs.
Even people who had milder brain injuries like concussions without any evidence of fracture were still 81% more likely to commit suicide than individuals without a history of TBI.
The study also found that the risk increase was greatest within the first six months after initial treatment for brain injuries.
Patients who had more medical treatment for TBIs were also more likely to commit suicide than people who received less treatment.
The researchers adjusted for age, sex and social and economic factors, as well as physical and mental illnesses predating the TBI. But the study wasn’t a controlled experiment designed to prove whether or how TBIs might cause suicidal thoughts or lead to suicide deaths.
Another limitation is that researchers lacked data on mild brain injuries prior to 1995, when outpatient visits were not tracked in the registry of Danish patients used for the study. Researchers also looked at the number of medical contacts to determine how much treatment people received for TBIs, but couldn’t see whether these visits were clinic checkups, emergency room visits or hospital stays.
“It is also possible, and even likely, that a predisposition to impulsivity and mood swings results in risky behaviors, which result in TBI,” said Dr. Ramon Diaz-Arrastia, coauthor of an accompanying editorial and a professor of neurology at the University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine in Philadelphia.
“It is also likely that marginal pre-injury function of critical frontal lobe circuits can predispose to more severe and clinically consequential dysfunction of these circuits after injury,” Diaz-Arrastia said by email.
Still, this study is the largest and most comprehensive research to date establishing a link between brain injuries and suicide, he said.
“The take-home message here is that mood and affect are commonly impacted by TBI, and that it is part of the organic brain injury, and need to be taken seriously,” Diaz-Arrastia said.