Iran is transit point for illicit trade of Somali charcoal, taxed by Islamists
UNITED NATIONS (Reuters) – Criminal networks are using Iran as a transit point for illicit Somali charcoal exports that earn Islamist militants al-Shabaab millions of dollars annually in tax, UN sanctions monitors said in a report seen by Reuters.
In the unpublished annual report to the UN Security Council, the monitors add that domestic revenue generation by al-Qaeda-affiliated al-Shabaab “is more geographically diversified and systematic” than that of Somalia’s federal government.
The report says that since March, the main destination for shipments – using fake country of origin certificates from Comoros, Ivory Coast and Ghana – has been ports in Iran, where the charcoal is packaged into white bags labeled “Product of Iran.”
“The bags were then reloaded onto smaller, Iran-flagged dhows (boats), and exported to Port Al Hamriya, Dubai, UAE, using certificates of origin falsely indicating the ‘country of manufacture’ of the charcoal as Iran,” the monitors wrote.
Iran became a transit point for the shipments – which breach a UN ban on Somali charcoal exports – after Oman tightened its customs procedures, said the report.
The monitors, who track compliance with UN sanctions on Somalia and Eritrea, said Iran and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) did not “substantively engage” when the monitors raised concerns about the transhipment of Somali charcoal.
The report estimated the wholesale value of illicit Somali charcoal to be $150 million a year in the UAE, where it is widely used for cooking and smoking shisha water pipes, also known as hookah or nargile. They also estimated that about three million bags of charcoal were exported from Somalia in the past year.
“The charcoal trade continues to be a significant source of revenue for al-Shabaab, generating at least $7.5 million from checkpoint taxation,” they wrote.
UAE Ambassador to the UN Lana Nusseibeh said she could not comment because the report had not yet been published.
“That being said, the UAE is fully aware of all Security Council resolutions and is in full compliance with the sanctions imposed,” she told Reuters. “We also reaffirm our continued cooperation with the Monitoring Group throughout its mandate.”
The Iranian mission to the UN did not immediately respond to a request for comment.
The UN Security Council banned charcoal exports from Somalia in 2012 in a bid to cut off funds for al-Shabaab, which is trying to topple Somalia’s Western-backed central government and impose its own rule based on its strict interpretation of Islam’s sharia law.
The Security Council imposed an arms embargo on Somalia in 1992 to cut a flow of arms to feuding warlords, who ousted dictator Mohamed Siad Barre and plunged the country into war.
In addition to earnings from charcoal, al-Shabaab is making millions of dollars annually via tolls on vehicles in areas where they man checkpoints and through taxes on businesses, agriculture and livestock.
All this “generates more than enough revenue to sustain its insurgency,” the monitors wrote.
Despite controlling far less territory than it did at the height of a decade-long insurgency, “the group’s “ability to carry out complex asymmetric attacks in Somalia remains undiminished,” the monitors wrote.
Al-Shabaab’s most lucrative checkpoint is about 160 km. (100 miles) northwest of the capital Mogidishu on the road to Baidoa, the monitors said, citing an al-Shabaab defector who reported that the location earns the group approximately $30,000 per day – $10 million a year.
“Employing mafia-style tactics, the group is able to levy taxation via a network of hinterland checkpoints, with collection of taxes enforced through violence and intimidation,” said the monitors, adding that truck drivers risked execution if they tried to avoid checkpoints.