Manila revs up failing green energy engine

Bhutan’s green future

SANTO TOMAS, Philippines, Oct 10, (AFP): Deep below the ancient volcanoes scattered around the Philippines sits a simmering stockpile of intense heat that officials hope will help revive the nation’s sputtering green energy machine.

The Philippines – thanks to its spot in the Ring of Fire zone of Pacific volcanoes – has long been one of the world’s top producers of geothermal power, but years of neglect have sent the industry sliding.

Now a surge of new exploration efforts are underway in a nation that has some of the world’s largest untapped sources of volcanic heat, but which relies on coal for half its electricity.

“It’s an exciting development,” Enrique Nunez, the country director for Conservation International, told AFP. “In an environment where coal is king, this is good stuff”.

One of the nation’s freshly upgraded plants, Maibarara, puffs out white steam from shining metal stacks on a jungle-covered hillside about an hour south of Manila.

High-temperature water vapour from the Earth’s redhot underbelly is piped to the surface where it makes powerproducing turbines spin. “There is no smoke,” said facility manager Paul Elmer Morala. “Only a bit of noise, but our neighbours don’t complain.”

Fronda

Steam

The Philippines was for years the world’s number two, behind the United States, in drilling deep to tap the scorching hot steam.

But as the nation’s economy has boomed in recent decades, it has opted to feed its needs with cheaper and quicker-to-develop plants that burn fossil fuels.

The amount of its power from geothermal sources has stayed relatively constant since 2002, while coal and gas-powered production has nearly tripled.

Early in 2018 the Philippines lost its number two geothermal status, which it had held for over two decades, when Indonesia finished its massive Sarulla project.

That demotion was years in the making for a country which had an initial rush of geothermal exploration in the 1970s and 1980s in response to the world’s first global oil crisis.

Decades of neglect followed until a growing global commitment to slow climate change led to the Philippines passing a law a decade ago to spur renewable energy investments.

The Philippine government launched in June a string of new exploration surveys, which comes on top of the roughly 10 contracts the nation has signed in recent years with power companies to drill exploratory wells.

“Of course the target is to increase the existing capacity,” Ariel Fronda, head of the renewables division of the Philippine energy ministry told AFP.

“There is a high degree of interest in renewables in general. Energy has suddenly become an attractive business,” he added.

The Philippines’ seven geothermal fields now supply about 12 percent of the nation’s energy, with a long-term plan to nearly double capacity by 2040.

The Philippines has the fifth-largest geothermal reserves, behind only the United States, Indonesia, Japan and Kenya.

Though nominally free, finding the resource is an expensive enterprise, with exploration wells costing up to $8 million each with no guarantee of success.

“Geothermal is that risky,” said Fronda, with the government requiring at least two wells per private exploration project in order to more accurately estimate the yield of a site.

The effort to stoke up the nation’s geothermal engine largely pre-dates the arrival of President Rodrigo Duterte.

However, last year he created an energy investment council that can greenlight major new projects in 30 days. A geothermal exploration effort is among the four initiatives it has approved.

Though the Philippines has tumbled, it still can be an important player in geothermal, said David Livingston, a renewable energy expert with the US-based Atlantic Council think-tank.

“The Philippines can serve as a catalyst for other developing nations’ interest in geothermal, particularly if its newest...programmes prove successful,” he added.

The gentle whirring of the wind turbine speaks volumes of Bhutan’s record as the world’s only carbon negative country, but major challenges stand in the way of the Himalayan kingdom’s decision to follow a green path over rampant economic expansion.

The mountainous state, holding only its third election on Oct 18, absorbs three times more CO2 than it emits, thanks mainly to the lush forests covering 72 percent of its land.

Famed as the “last Shangri-La” for using happiness as a measure of success, Switzerland-sized Bhutan has been careful to keep its environment pristine, often by sacrificing profits.

The nation of 800,000 has restricted tourist numbers with a daily fee of $250 per visitor in high season, helping keep at bay the kind of boom that has ravaged other scenic hotspots.

In May, Bhutan opted out of an India-backed regional road connectivity project mainly over concerns that trucks coming in from other countries will pollute its air.

The constitution stipulates that at least 60 percent of Bhutan must be covered in forest, putting a brake on farming and a potentially lucrative timber industry.

“There was a great temptation to dig into our forest wealth but we thought of the longer term,” said Dasho Paljor Dorji from Bhutan’s National Environment Commission.

Under its 11th five-year-plan, Bhutan aims to reduce “substantially” its fossil fuel imports by 2020. It has just 100 electric cars so far but wants to increase numbers and plans to introduce a nationwide network of charging stations. In 2016 it installed its first wind turbines.

A walk through spick and span Thimpu – Asia’s only capital city with no traffic lights – gives a glimpse of Bhutan’s green commitment.

A rare sight in South Asia, heavy road-cleaning vehicles sweep the streets in slow circular motions, while trucks collect organic waste from households.

Just two hours away in Punakha district earthmovers and bulldozers are chugging away at a hydropower project.