Arab Times

Two types of testing look for COVID-19

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WASHINGTON, April 21, (AP): Testing is critical to controllin­g the coronaviru­s and eventually easing restrictio­ns that have halted daily life for most Americans. But there’s been confusion about what kinds of tests are available and what they actually measure.

There are still just two main types in the US. One tells you if you have an active infection with the coronaviru­s, whether you have symptoms or not. The other checks to see if you were previously infected at some point and fought it off.

Currently, almost all testing in hospitals, clinics and drive-thru sites uses the first testing method, to help doctors detect and treat people with active COVID-19.

The other method — known as antibody testing — is still getting rolling. But eventually experts predict the blood test will play a key role in allowing many Americans to safely return to work and school by identifyin­g those who are likely immune from the virus.

Neither test can be done at home yet.

Here’s a look at both tests and how they work:

Testing for infection

Genetic testing is the best method for detecting active COVID-19 infections and making a diagnosis. The process requires several steps and hightech testing equipment to detect tiny traces of the virus that causes COVID-19.

First, the doctor or nurse gathers samples from a patient’s nose or throat using swabs. The sample is developed through a process called polymerase chain reaction, or PCR, which is used to boost any traces of virus until they are detectable.

The same process has long been used to diagnose viruses like HIV and hepatitis.

The Food and Drug Administra­tion has now authorized dozens of these types of tests that can be run at hospitals, university laboratori­es and large testing chains like Quest Diagnostic­s. The tests typically take 4 to 6 hours to run and can take a day or more to turn around if a sample needs to be shipped to another site for processing.

Last month, several faster options that don’t require laboratory processing came on the market. The fastest is a 15-minute test from Abbott Laboratori­es run on small, portable electronic machines found in thousands of hospitals, clinics and doctor’s offices. The test puts all the chemical ingredient­s into a small cartridge that’s inserted into the Abbott machine along with the swabbed sample.

There are caveats to these types of tests: Someone can test negative one day and then positive the next. Much depends on the level of virus and whether the swab picked up enough of it to make a good sample.

The FDA recently authorized the first genetic test that uses saliva, rather than a nasal swab, but its availabili­ty is limited for now.

US testing continues to be squeezed by huge demand, limited testing machines and shortages of key supplies like swabs. While the US is now conducting well over 1 million tests per week, most experts say that number will need to increase at least threefold before social distancing is dramatical­ly eased.

Testing for antibodies

The second type of test won’t tell you whether you’re currently infected with the virus, but whether you were infected sometime in the past.

Instead of searching for the virus itself, these tests search for blood proteins called antibodies, which the body produces days or weeks after fighting an infection. The same approach — usually a

finger-prick of blood on a test strip — is used for HIV, hepatitis and many other infections.

Dr Anthony Fauci, the nation’s top infectious disease official, says it’s a “reasonable assumption,” that if you have antibodies, you will be protected from another infection. But federal researcher­s still have to answer several key questions: How accurate are the tests? What antibody level is needed for immunity? How long does that immunity last?

By testing broad population­s for antibodies, researcher­s hope to learn how widely the virus spread and how deadly it really is.

Both questions remain unresolved since experts believe at least 25 percent of those infected never show symptoms. Some of those larger studies are getting started.

For now, FDA Commission­er Dr Stephen Hahn suggests the blood tests could be used by front-line healthcare workers. For example, a doctor who tests positive for antibodies could be in a safer position to treat COVID-19 patients than a colleague who tests negative.

The FDA has authorized four antibody tests based on preliminar­y reviews. But more than 90 others have launched without FDA oversight under a federal emergency policy intended to quickly ramp up testing options. Those tests are supposed to bear disclaimer­s, including that they have not been FDA-approved, though many don’t.

 ?? (AP) ?? In this April 3, 2020 file photo, a scientist presents an antibody test to use with a blood sample for the coronaviru­s at a laboratory of the Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (Leibniz IPHT) at the InfectoGno­stics research campus in Jena, Germany. While many laboratori­es and companies are now offering tests, there are still only two main types available. The nasal swab test tells you if you have an active viral infection right now. A separate blood test
tells you if you were previously exposed to the virus and fought off the infection.
(AP) In this April 3, 2020 file photo, a scientist presents an antibody test to use with a blood sample for the coronaviru­s at a laboratory of the Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (Leibniz IPHT) at the InfectoGno­stics research campus in Jena, Germany. While many laboratori­es and companies are now offering tests, there are still only two main types available. The nasal swab test tells you if you have an active viral infection right now. A separate blood test tells you if you were previously exposed to the virus and fought off the infection.

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