OPEC aims in vain for Goldilocks oil price
CERAWeek has exposed all the contradictions at the heart of OPEC’s attempt to rebalance the oil market without rekindling the shale boom or conceding too much market share to rivals. The oil industry conference in Houston started with a celebration of higher prices, progress towards drawing down global stockpiles, and optimism about the outlook for shale producers.
But it ends with the biggest daily fall in prices for more than a year, fears that stocks are not declining as planned, and warnings that shale producers could cause a renewed slump if they increase output too fast.
Staying in step
OPEC members led by Saudi Arabia have reported nearly full compliance with output cuts announced last November, though performance remains very uneven across the group. Once again, Saudi Arabia has made the deepest cuts to offset patchy compliance by other members, returning to its hated role of swing producer.
But OPEC’s rush to increase output before the accord took effect in January has left the market bloated with crude that continues to show up in the statistics as tankers arrive in North America and unload. The attempt to beat the deadline has made rebalancing harder and effectively moved the market against the organization’s own members.
OPEC enlisted support from 11 other countries to spread the burden of rebalancing and protect its market share but compliance from non-OPEC countries has been much lower.
The organization’s members have been forced to discount their selling prices to protect their prized relationships with Asian refiners. And OPEC has encouraged hedge funds and other money managers to believe prices will rise to $60 per barrel or more. Hedge funds have accumulated a record bullish position in crude futures and options amounting to more than 900 million barrels in the expectation that prices will climb.
Hedge funds nearly all expect the organization’s output cuts to be extended beyond their current expiry on June 30 to draw down stockpiles. But OPEC and Saudi Arabia have spent CERAWeek warning shale producers against raising output too much and assuming the production cuts will be extended automatically. Saudi Arabia has pointedly warned shale producers that it will not cut its own output simply so they can grow theirs. Without an extension, however, global oil production would rise by more than 1 million barrels per day at the start of June, and oil prices would likely swoon.
Prices just right
OPEC wants to push prices higher while simultaneously protecting its market share. The organization is trying to find the Goldilocks price- high enough to boost revenues and keep hedge funds bullish, but not so high it sparks a renewed shale drilling boom. The problem is that the Goldilocks range is fairly narrow, and may not even exist at all in a form that can satisfy all the interested groups OPEC has tried to assemble in its cooperative framework.
Most estimates suggest the breakeven price for shale, at which production can be sustained, is currently around $50 or $55 per barrel. Prices of $60 or $65 are expected to result in a substantial increase in production. But hedge funds have already accumulated a record bullish position with WTI and Brent prices around $50-55 per barrel and need significant upside potential to keep them interested. In the meantime, US shale producers have already started to increase output much faster than was expected six months ago. And the market rebalancing process is taking more time than anticipated, as Saudi officials admitted in Houston this week. Reported stockpiles are not falling as fast as either OPEC or the hedge funds expected. OPEC’s hope of shifting the futures market from contango into backwardation has stalled, with calendar spreads for nearby months weakening since the fourth week of February.
OPEC, or in reality Saudi Arabia, faces the familiar dilemma: it can focus on raising prices or protecting market share, but not both. This dilemma will be brought into sharp focus in the next couple of months as OPEC decides whether to extend its production cuts beyond June despite weak nonOPEC compliance and rising shale output. OPEC and Saudi Arabia control only a minority of global production and cannot prevent development of extra oil resources outside the OPEC area (other than by crashing prices). In theory, it might be possible for OPEC to stabilize prices in a narrow $50-60 per barrel range but it would require exceptional deftness and a lot of luck. Previously attempts to maintain prices within a narrow band in the late 1990s and early 2000s, and again in 2009-2010 were unsuccessful.
Efforts to stabilize oil prices have never succeeded for very long for precisely this reason and it would be surprising if this time was any different. In practice, the market will be regulated by prices, which will keep shale growth in line with demand from consumers.
Prices plunged this week because at least some traders revised their view on the likelihood of an early reduction in stocks and a quick rebalancing. Concerns about the rapid resumption of shale drilling and the possible re-emergence of surplus production also weighed.
Adding to those factors, the concentration of bullish hedge fund positions raised worries the trade was becoming crowded. For all the talk about production policies among the conference attendees in Houston, prices rather than strategies still rule the oil market.