Ethiopian honey farmers struggle with sticky traditions
Apiculture sector long way from full potential
The beehives of Ethiopia, Africa’s top honey producer, make about a quarter of the continent’s honey, but travelers who come to sample the liquid gold often find there isn’t enough to go around. In a country where 85 percent of all jobs are in agriculture, industry experts say the beekeeping-or apiculture-sector is still a long way from harvesting its full potential, hampered by outdated, lowyield techniques, periodic droughts and uncompetitive prices.
Honey traditionally plays a big role in Ethiopian life-where its delicious white, red and yellow varieties are used in cooking, for medicinal purposes and as a key ingredient in the local mead known as tej. The problem is that the majority of farmers use outdated styles of beehives that are stored in trees or clay jars. And these do not produce as much honey as modern wooden boxes, says Juergen Greiling, a senior adviser at the Ethiopian Apiculture Board, an umbrella group for the honey industry.
Equipped with the right modern techniques, honey production has the potential to pull thousands of poor farmers out of poverty, experts say. Alem Abraha is one such farmer. He was previously living from hand to mouth as a subsistence farmer, but took up beekeeping full time about 10 years ago. “My life has been completely changed,” he says, as bees circle his head in the village of Zaena, situated in Ethiopia’s northernmost region of Tigray.
It is on Tigray’s high-altitude mountain slopes that the yellow Adey Abeba flower grows, a key component in making the unique white honey that is one of Ethiopa’s most prized exports. “If you train farmers to have modern training like I’m doing here, that would transform production,” Alem says. Tesfamariam Assefa, a coordinator at the Tigray regional agriculture bureau, said the government aimed to boost the region’s honey exports from 50 percent to 80 percent of output by teaching farmers better beekeeping techniques.
Growing demand abroad
The outside world is waking up to the qualities of Ethiopian honey, too. In 2008, the European Union officially gave the green light to imports of Ethiopian honey. However, nearly a decade later, the country is still only exporting at most 800 tons of the 50,000 tons it produces annually. Alem Abraha says he travels regularly to Italy to show off his wares and honey merchants in Tigray say they are noticing more and more interest from buyers from Ethiopia and beyond.
“Tigray’s honey has a lot of customers all over Ethiopia,” said Haile Gebru, who sells honey from a shopping mall in Tigray’s capital of Mekele. “But production is low.” The low yields of Ethiopian beehives, along with periodic droughts that can disrupt supplies of water to colonies and shrivel trees that insects need for pollen, have caused honey shortages. These shortfalls drive up prices to as much as 450 birr ($20, 18 euros) per kilogram, effectively pricing honey exports to Asia and Europe out of the market.
“I’m not able to sell as much as I can because the price is not competitive, especially here from Tigray,” said Daniel Gebremeskel, managing director of Comel, a honey processing and export company based in Mekele. “We are not making as much as we expect. We are working at low capacity because of supply problems,” Gebremskel said. There is also a grey market for Ethiopian honey, with people smuggling it across the border to Sudan or in their luggage in Mekele’s airport to avoid paying export taxes, said Greiling of the Ethiopian Apiculture Board.
The regional government, alarmed at the lost export tax revenues, is seeking to curb the undercover trade by introducing limits on the amount of honey that can be taken in checked baggage. Despite the challenges facing Ethiopia’s apiculture sector, Gebremeskel is undeterred and is currently remodeling his processing facility and seeking to woo buyers abroad, some of whom frequently mistake the white honey for cream. “We’re getting more demand than before,” Gebremeskel says.—AFP