Eavesdropping on fish sex
Scientists unveiled yesterday a unique new method for counting stocks of threatened fish eavesdropping on their love calls when the fish gather in massive mating throngs. Using underwater microphones and mathematical models, researchers from the US and Mexico were able to estimate population numbers for the Gulf corvina, a popular eating fish from Mexico’s Gulf of California.
About two million corvina gather every spring for a frenzied breeding session in a shallow estuary of the Colorado River Delta, bringing the entire adult population to an area less than one percent of its usual home range. When the males start calling to attract mates, the sound is “deafening”, said researchers from the University of Texas Marine Science Institute (UTMSI). At about 192 decibels, the sound could damage human eardrums on land. “It’s louder than a rock concert,” study co-author Brad Erisman said in a statement issued by the UTMSI. “It’s louder than standing less than a meter from a chainsaw.”
Unfortunately for the corvinas, the calls announce their presence to fishermen who gather for a seasonal frenzy of their own: netting more than a million fish in about three weeks. But now the sound may be used to save the fish, which are listed as “vulnerable” on the International Union for Conservation of Nature’s Red List of threatened species. Though population numbers have been hard to determine, there is evidence that landed fish are getting smaller and smaller, a sign of overfishing, the researchers said, which happens when fish of a species are caught faster than they can reproduce.
Herrings, sardines, sturgeons
Accurate population numbers are essential for setting sustainable fishing limits. But it is nearly impossible to get a headcount for fish, often flitting about in deep or murky waters, and many estimates are based on unreliable fisheries data. The new technique involves a mathematical model for determining stock density from the levels of sound the fish generate while spawning. Using this method, the team calculated there were over 1.5 million corvina at the height of their annual “spawning aggregation”, a collective mass of more than 2,000 tones.
Their technique is inexpensive and not intrusive, the researchers said, and can be adapted for other species that form similar spawning groups and produce mating sounds. These include herrings, sardines, cod and haddock, croakers, groupers, sea bass, snappers, catfish and sturgeons. It may be particularly useful for determining the remaining stock of endangered totoaba, a large fish also from the Gulf of California, whose swim bladder is believed in China to hold medicinal powers, the team said.