ONE REFORM TO SAVE AMERICA
If we’re going to have just one structural reform, ranked-choice voting in multimember districts is the one to choose
THERE are a bunch of different ways to do democracy. In Western Europe, most countries have proportional representation and a lot of different parties representing voter interests. In America we’ve gone with a twoparty system and winner-take-all elections.
During the middle of the 20th century, it seemed like we’d chosen the right approach. The proportional multiparty system allowed an extremist named Adolf Hitler to rise to power with the initial support of a tiny fraction of Germany’s voters. Both American parties, meanwhile, seemed to bend towards compromise, knowing they had to win over the median voter in order to get to 50.1 per cent majorities.
But even then, as Lee Drutman of the think tank New America points out, America really had a four-party system. There were liberal Republicans from places like the Northeast and conservative Republicans from the West. There were liberal Democrats on the coasts and conservative Democrats from the South. The four groups floated into different legislative coalitions depending on the issue and the moment, allowing for flexible bipartisan majorities.
Now, the two-party system has rigidified and ossified. The two parties no longer bend to the centre. They push to the extremes, where the donor bases and their media propaganda arms are. More and more people feel politically homeless, alienated from both parties and without any say in how the country is run.
Moreover, the whole way of practising politics has been transformed. Each party imagines that it is one wave election from destroying the other side and gaining total power. Therefore, as Drutman notes, there’s no interest in compromise, just winning and losing, gloating and seething.
Partisans’ chief interest is in proving that the other party is despicable — in ramping up fear, hatred and the negative polarisation that is the central feature of contemporary American politics.
The good news is that we don’t have to live with this system. There’s nothing in the constitution that says there has to be only two parties. There’s nothing in the constitution about parties at all. There’s not even anything in the constitution mandating that each congressional district has only one member and be represented by one party. We could have a much fairer and better system with the passage of a law.
The way to do that is through multi-member districts and ranked-choice voting. In populous states, the congressional districts would be bigger, with around three to five members per district. Voters would rank the candidates on the ballot. If no candidate had a majority of firstplace votes, then the candidate with the fewest first-place votes would be eliminated. Voters who preferred that candidate would have their second-choice vote counted instead. The process would be repeated until you get your winners.
This system makes it much easier for third and fourth parties to form, because voting for a third party no longer means voting for one with no chance of winning. You get a much more supple representation of the different political tendencies that actually exist in the country.
The process also means that people with minority views in their region have a greater chance to be represented in Congress. A district in Southern California, for example, might elect a Bernie Sanders-type progressive, a centrist business Democrat and a conservative.
The current system — wherein a vast majority of seats are safely red or blue and noncompetitive, with only a handful of fiercely contested districts — disappears. Every district becomes a swing district, each vote much more important. Congress begins to work differently because with multiple parties you no longer have stagnant trench warfare — you have shifting coalition-building.
There’s a reason voters in proportional representation countries are less disenchanted with politics than we are. Their systems work better.
Over the last few decades, a lot of work has been done to fight gerrymandering, a reform that would have only a marginal effect on our politics. The good news is that attention seems to be shifting to ranked-choice voting, a change that would have much bigger and better effects.
In 2016, voters in Maine passed a referendum installing rankedchoice voting. The state’s legislature has done everything it can to fight it, but it looks like voters there will use the system for their June 12 primary, and have a chance to make the system permanent.
Rep Don Beyer, District of Virginia, introduced legislation in Congress last year to make this kind of system national. Groups like FairVote champion the reform nationwide, and writers like Drutman are tireless advocates.
Right now, our politics is heading in a truly horrendous direction — with vicious, binary political divisions overlapping with and exacerbating historical racial divisions. If we’re going to have just one structural reform to head off that nightmare, rankedchoice voting in multi-member districts is the one to choose.
There’s nothing in the constitution that says there has to be only two parties. There’s nothing in the constitution about parties at all.