Physical activity for Type-2 diabetics
Even a small increase in exercise can make a difference in this group, writes Nadia Badarudin
PATIENTS with Type-2 diabetes should be prescribed physical activity to control blood sugar and improve heart health. That is one of the recommendations stated in a recent position paper of the European Association of Preventive Cardiology, a branch of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). The paper, Exercise Training for Patients with Type-2 Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease: What to Pursue and HowtoDoIt by Kemps H, Krankel N, Dorr M, et al was published in the European Journal of Preventive Cardiology (a journal of the ESC) on Jan 15.
“Sedentary lifestyles and unhealthy diets are the most important drivers in the increasing number of patients with Type2 diabetes and cardiovascular problems such as heart attacks,” says first author Dr Hareld Kemps, a cardiologist at Maxima Medical Centre, Veldhoven, the Netherlands.
“Diabetes doubles the risk of mortality but the fitter patients become, the more that risk declines. Unfortunately, the majority of patients do not engage in exercise programmes.”
PERSONALISED PLAN
One in 11 adults worldwide has diabetes, of which 90 per cent is Type-2 diabetes. Nearly all patients with Type-2 diabetes develop cardiovascular complications, which is the leading causes of death in this group.
The paper provides practical recommendations for doctors on how to motivate patients to incorporate physical activity into their daily routine, set achievable and measurable goals, and design individualised exercise training programmes to meet those goals.
“Just advising patients to exercise, which is what doctors typically do, is not enough,” says Dr Kemps.
“Patients must be assessed for co-morbidities, risks related to exercise and personal preferences. This will be cost effective in the long run so we have to wake up policy makers and healthcare insurers to pay for it. That needs clinicians to take the lead and call for programmes to be reimbursed.”
Patients should see their doctor for a personalised plan, and those with health insurance should ask if exercise programmes are covered, says Dr Kemps.
“There are also steps patients can take without needing to see a doctor first, such as interrupting sitting time and doing moderate exercise like walking and cycling.”
Long-term adherence can be improved by setting early achievable goals that are measurable, and adapting exercise plans to patients’ preferences. Remote guidance also looks promising, with patients monitoring themselves with smartwatches then sending data to a health professional for feedback.
PRACTICAL, SPECIFIC GOALS
Practical and specific goals tend to be motivational, says Dr Kemps.
“For an elderly person this could be climbing the stairs in their home or walking to the supermarket — achievements that will really improve their quality of life. Being able to use less medication because of better glycaemic control is also an incentive.”
As for clinical targets, cardiorespiratory fitness and glycaemic control are the top two. Both improve with exercise training, the changes can be measured, and they are directly related to wellbeing, morbidity and mortality. Exercise also helps to lower blood pressure and harmful blood lipids.
He points out that weight loss might not be the best target for exercise training. “It’s difficult to lose weight with exercise only and if that’s the main target patients may become demotivated and stop exercising.
“Weight loss is important, but it needs to be part of a multi-disciplinary intervention that includes nutrition.”
As for the type and intensity of exercise, this needs to be personalised to each patient. High intensity interval training — for example, alternating moderate and vigorous walking — is most effective at boosting fitness and controlling blood sugar, but may be unsafe for patients who develop arrhythmias (abnormal heart rhythm) during exercise or have ischaemia (restricted blood flow to the heart).
Dr Kemps adds: “I can’t stress enough how effective even small increases in activity can benefit patients with Type-2 diabetes and heart problems. Interrupting sitting with brief bouts of walking improves glucose control, while two hours of brisk walking per week reduces the risk of further heart problems.”