The Borneo Post

‘Missing’ girls: Selective abortion in Albania fuels gender gap

- Briseida Mema

TIRANA: When Lina discovered she was pregnant with another girl, she decided to terminate the pregnancy, after her husband grew increasing­ly violent over the prospect of having a fourth daughter instead of a boy.

The decision was one that has become relatively common in her native Albania and across the Balkans, where a dominant patriarcha­l culture has pushed many families to pin their hopes on a son.

“When my husband learned that our fourth baby would still be a girl and that I would not be able to give him a boy, he became so violent he almost killed me,” Lina, who used a pseudonym to hide her identity, told AFP through tears.

“I was ready to risk my life not to give birth to this baby,” the 40year-old added.

She said she continues to suffer from genital lesions caused by the procedure, administer­ed in unhygienic conditions three years ago.

By even the most modest estimates Albania is “missing” thousands of girls, following years of sex-selective abortions that led to the terminatio­n of pregnancie­s by families hoping for male children.

“When parents learn that the foetus is a girl, they choose, for various reasons, to abort rather than keep it,” Manuela Bello, the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) representa­tive in Albania, told AFP.

“Over the past ten years 21,000 girls have been missing in Albania.”

For families that already have a daughter, roughly a quarter said they would choose to have an abortion rather than have another girl in the household, according to research compiled by the UN.

‘Social imbalance’

Between 2000 and 2020, Albania ranked fourth in the world for the size of its difference between births of girls and boys — with an average of 111 males born for every 100 girls, UN figures show.

An uptick in education has helped reduce the margin slightly in the past four years, including an awareness campaign by the UNFPA office in Albania.

Figures remain “higher than the biological average which is around 105 boy births for every 100 girls,” explained Arjan Gjonca, a professor specialisi­ng in demography at the London School of Economics and Political Science.

“But if the phenomenon persists and if there are no rapid legal measures... the consequenc­es in the near future could lead to social imbalance,” warned Gjonca.

Abortion is legal in Albania until the 12th week of pregnancy, with special permission from doctors needed for later-term terminatio­ns.

Terminatio­ns linked to prenatal gender screenings are illegal. But the growing availabili­ty of a blood test which makes it easier to know the sex of a foetus much earlier means it is harder to stop the practice.

“It is increasing­ly difficult to prove that the pregnancy was interrupte­d because the foetus was a girl,” said Tirana-based gynaecolog­ist Rubena Mosiu.

Women in Albania are increasing­ly turning to the simple test, which is available during the seventh week of pregnancy and can tell the baby’s gender with more than 90 percent accuracy.

Permission from a doctor is not required for the screening.

‘Bitter family history’ Despite a rise in awareness, deep-seated values can be hard to overturn.

Across large swaths of the Balkans, a male child is believed to be “the pillar of the family”, while girls are seen as a “burden or a weaker sex in an aggressive society”, said Anila Hoxha, an investigat­ive journalist and women rights activists from Tirana.

In neighbouri­ng Montenegro, sex-selective abortions remain a perennial issue, despite recent improvemen­t to the country’s demographi­c imbalance.

“There is a direct correlatio­n between patriarcha­l social norms and the preference of sons over daughters,” said Maja Raicevic, who heads the Women’s Rights Center in the capital Podgorica.

Women’s subordinat­e role in the family, along with their economic dependence on men because many do not inherit property, only fuels greater levels of inequality.

In 2017, the centre launched a campaign called “#Unwanted”.

The programme aims to dispel basic patriarcha­l notions by calling on Montenegri­ns “to ask themselves what values are taught that makes one sex desirable, while another does not even have the right to be born”, explained Raicevic.

Often the biggest challenges come from tensions within the family.

Back in Albania, Maria — who spoke on condition of anonymity — said she confronted enormous pressure from her mother-in-law and brother-in-law after finding out she was pregnant with a baby girl.

“They were very unhappy,” she said during an interview with the UNFPA.

“My mother-in-law even offered to take me to have an abortion at the home of someone she knew who performs abortions in the old, risky ways,” she added.

But in the end, Maria refused to give into their pressure.

“I decided to keep the baby,” said Maria. “But I won’t tell my daughter about our bitter family history.” — AFP

 ?? — AFP photos by Adnan Beci ?? Albanian women tend to their new-borns at the Koco Gliozheni obstetrics and gynaecolog­y hospital in Tirana.
— AFP photos by Adnan Beci Albanian women tend to their new-borns at the Koco Gliozheni obstetrics and gynaecolog­y hospital in Tirana.
 ?? ?? A gynaecolog­ist performs a sonogram on a pregnant woman flanked by her husband, in Tirana.
A gynaecolog­ist performs a sonogram on a pregnant woman flanked by her husband, in Tirana.
 ?? ?? A gynaecolog­ist performs a sonogram on a pregnant woman in Tirana.
A gynaecolog­ist performs a sonogram on a pregnant woman in Tirana.
 ?? ?? Gynaecolog­ist Rubena Moisiu performs a sonogram on a pregnant woman in Tirana.
Gynaecolog­ist Rubena Moisiu performs a sonogram on a pregnant woman in Tirana.

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