Ancient community banking enters digital age in Cameroon
YAOUNDÉ: Joseph Ngono’s face lights up with a smile as he looks at his smartphone, where a payment worth US$830 has just appeared in his digital wallet.
Like many Cameroonians, the computer scientist pays in each week to a shared savings fund known as a “tontine” – an ancient system that start-ups are now bringing into the digital age.
This week it has paid out 500,000 Central African francs to Ngono, who will use it to cover the final instalment of his children’s school fees.
“Without it, they wouldn’t go to school,” he said.
Shunned by banks, many people in Cameroon turn to their communities for help in the form of tontines, such as the one Ngono uses via the smartphone app Djangui.
In its most common form, members pay money into a common fund and take turns collecting it after an agreed period – interest free.
Every week Ngono, along with colleagues and strangers whom they sponsor, contributes 10,000 FCFA (US$16) each on Djangui.
It gives crucial access to ready cash for Ngono – he only occasionally receives his monthly salary of 150,000 FCFA (US$250) because his employer is “experiencing some cash-flow difficulties.”
The system of “pooling savings... between people united by connections of family, friendship, profession, clan” existed “long before the introduction of money,” said a 2020 report published by the Global Development Research Center.
It lists at least 30 African countries where tontines are used and 14 in Asia.
Launched in 2016 by Guilain Kenfack, Djangui was one of the first tontine apps in the country.
“The idea came to me because I was in a traditional tontine and it was becoming very difficult. We weren’t sure if some people had paid or not,” he said.
Since its creation, Kenfack said the app has gained 50,000 users.
A number of imitators of Djangui have sprung up and now there are several apps offering tontines online in Cameroon.
As in other countries in Africa, many Cameroonians struggle to get loans from mainstream banks.
The African World Institute wrote in a 2019 report that 85 per cent of people on the continent are “excluded from the banking system”.
In Cameroon and elsewhere the average interest rate for loans to individuals was 10 per cent in 2022, according to the Bank of Central African States (BEAC).
It can exceed 20 per cent elsewhere in Africa.
Banks also rarely give credit to those on small and medium sized incomes.
The tontine “replaces the bank” and allows “informal economic players” to make essential expenditures or investments, said Omer Zang, the founder of Social Brokers – a Cameroonian NGO that supports tontines.
The digitised saving systems have attracted the interest of large banking corporations including Cameroon’s Afriland First Bank which offers customers the chance “to tontine.”
However, even online tontines can be risky as people can register under false identities.
“I lost over one million Central African francs (US$1,700) that I had saved for a year” in an online tontine, said Paul Kemayou, a 48year-old civil servant.
“When it came to receiving the money, the administrator was unable to tell me where the money had gone.”
This is why some Cameroonians keep to the traditional tontines.
“I prefer the tontines where people meet in person,” said Emmanuel Talla, a shopkeeper in Yaounde, who is a member of several tontines in the capital.
“We know each other, the old and the young get together,” he said. “The relationships are about more than just money.”