Election Day is just the beginning of US elections

The US presidential election doesn’t end when the polls close on 8 November. Rather, it’s just getting started. Once the votes are counted, the state-by-state process kicks in. The Electoral College meets in midDecember to vote, and Congress makes the res

Election Day

Most people who voted early or are heading to the polls on 8 November think they will be voting for Democrat Hillary Clinton, Republican Donald Trump or their chosen thirdparty candidate. But they won’t be. They’ll be voting for their state’s electors, who will in turn cast votes for the presidential candidate who wins the most votes in their state.

Each state has as many electoral votes as it has members of Congress. The District of Columbia has an additional three electors.

So there are a total of 538 electors in the Electoral College. The overall winner must take half of that plus one – or 270 electoral votes.

Power to the states

Electors are chosen by each party, and typically are party insiders who can be trusted to vote for their candidate. Members of Congress can’t be electors, by law.

An elector has only one duty – to elect a president.

While it may seem like a complicated system, the Electoral College was created by the 12th Amendment of the Constitution to empower the role of individual states.

“It’s the states that decide who the president is and not the general population as a whole,” says Miriam Vincent, a staff attorney at the National Archives, which acts as a liaison between the states and Congress during the Electoral College process.

19 December - the real Election Day

By law, the electors must meet on the first Monday after the second Wednesday in December. This year, that’s 19 December.

On that day, they gather in their respective states to cast votes for president and vice president of the United States.

In almost every state, the winner of the state’s popular vote gets all of the state’s electors. Maine and Nebraska are exceptions, with rules that allow electoral votes to be split between parties under certain scenarios.

There’s nothing in the Constitution that says the electors are required to vote for a particular candidate, and state laws vary. But according to the National Archives, 99 per cent of electors through US history have voted for their party’s candidate, and none of the dissenters – known as “faithless electors” – has ever changed the result of an election.

Once the votes have taken place, each state sends its results to Washington, where they are received by the Senate and the National Archives.

Congress does a final count

Once the electoral ballot votes are received, they are counted in a joint session of Congress.

By law, this takes place on 6 January. On that day, senators assemble at 12:30pm and walk together to the House chamber. They are led by two Senate pages carrying mahogany boxes that contain the electoral vote certificates sent by the states.

The House session is presided over by the current vice president. Occasionally it’s an awkward situation, as when Vice President Al Gore presided over the counting in the 2000 presidential election and lost to Republican George W. Bush.

At the session, the votes are examined, tallied and handed to the vice president who announces the results.

What if it’s a tie?

If no presidential candidate receives 270 or more electoral votes in the count, the 12th Amendment directs the House to decide the presidential election. Each state’s House delegation has one vote, and must pick from the top three candidates who received the most electoral votes.

The Senate would use a similar process to pick the vice president.

Is the system outdated?

Over the years, there have been calls to do away with or reform the complex Electoral College, especially after the 2000 election when Gore won the popular vote but lost to Bush, who had more electoral votes.

John Hudak, a fellow in governance studies at the Brookings Institution, says most people want the person who wins the popular vote to become president. But reform wouldn’t be easy because it would require an amendment to the Constitution that would have to be ratified by threefourths of states.

Before 2000, the most recent time a candidate lost despite winning the popular vote was in 1888.

“2000 was a really incredible exception,” Hudak says. “Generally the Electoral College reflects the popular will.”