Prevention and treatment

Most research is focused on removing the environmental triggers that set off autoimmune disease in genetically susceptible people.

● Recognize the symptoms. Persistent fever, tiredness, joint pain and swelling will need medical attention.

● Obtain the correct diagnosis. There are specific tests that will help accurately diagnose the condition. Blood tests for certain chemicals may indicate an autoimmune disorder (such as anti-nuclear antibody or C-reactive protein). X-rays are often used to detect internal problems and biopsies can be taken of the bowel and urine or stool samples collected for analysis.

● Seek the right treatment. Treatment is aimed at reducing the immune system activity using antiinflammatory drugs such as corticosteroids, and immunosuppressive drugs. Sometimes replacement therapy is needed; with type 1 diabetes and hypothyroidism, insulin injections or thyroxin tablets can replace what the damaged pancreas and thyroid glands cannot produce.

● Make appropriate lifestyle changes. Lifestyles can be adapted to cope with symptoms better. Diet is usually helpful, particularly for Crohn’s disease, where a high-fibre diet low in processed ingredients and supplemented with vitamins is recommended. Omega-3 fatty acids, from coldwater fish, sometimes help with painful joints. Getting enough rest and exercising regularly will help, along with reducing stress and giving up smoking. If joints are affected, physiotherapy can help keep them mobile. People living with lupus may need to stay out of the sun as sensitivity to sunlight can make symptoms worse.

● Track the disease. Keep your own medical file. Record doctor visits, lab reports, diagnostic tests and medications. Keep a diary of your symptoms since autoimmune diseases are difficult to diagnose — often, symptoms seem unrelated, and an accurate diagnosis can take time.