CHINA: Heartbreaking quest for panda survival
THE panda cub snuffles, stretches out a tiny paw and snuggles with his mother, Cao Cao. She stirs, sniffs him gently and gives him a lick as they rest in her maternity enclosure at the Hetaoping Wilderness Training Base in the mistwreathed mountains of southwestern China.
The cub, 2 months old and too small to be named, is the size of a house cat. He and his sister are rare genetic treasures, the first twin giant panda cubs born to a wild male panda and a female sent back into the wild to mate.
In the past two years, Cao Cao, a mother of nine, has given birth to the only three progeny of an ambitious returntonature programme that Chinese scientists hope will save the species from extinction. Cao Cao (16) was born in the wilds herself before being taken into captivity in Sichuan when she was about 13 months old.
One of her male cubs, Tao Tao, was released in 2012 and has since been recaptured twice for health checks and to be fitted with a new tracking collar. Researchers believe he may have sired a cub, but they will have to wait until he is an independent adult to do DNA testing.
Wild pandas, once found in 17 provinces, now survive in just three. Their habitat is fragmented, with 73% in groups so small there is a strong chance they will not survive, according to a 2017 report from Beijing Forestry University.
Back in the 1970s, the overall panda population dipped to about 1000. In response, the Chinese government spent tens of millions of dollars to establish training centres and forest reserves, helping the numbers recover to roughly 2200. Of those, about 25% live in the scientific centres, zoos or other such facilities.
The rolypoly celebrities are replete with political and cultural significance, and economic value as a tourism drawcard. So to ensure their longterm survival, China has initiated a makeorbreak experiment sending captive pandas into the wild permanently to boost fragile populations scattered in six isolated mountainous regions.
Equally vital is a plan for a 2 million hectare conservation park that is to include 67 current reserves and be financed by the Bank of China at a cost of $NZ1.6 billion. Researchers hope the park, due for completion by 2023, will ensure the successful release of dozens of captivebred pandas to reestablish wild populations in areas that have not seen them for decades.
The Hetaoping base, where Cao Cao usually lives, has released four captivebred females since 2016 in hopes they would mate with wild males.
Cao Cao is the only one with a confirmed pregnancy.
At Hetaoping, cubs are prepared for release largely without human contact. They are raised by their mothers in large bushy enclosures until independent, then moved together to larger isolated compounds. Their only interaction with humans is with the keepers who deliver bamboo daily, dressed in panda suits liberally soaked in panda urine to cover the human smell. Anyone visiting the centre must don the urinesoaked suits. Training to survive in the wild is left to the mothers.
The base is silent apart from the wind. Thirty observation cameras transmit images to 16 screens in the base, watched around the clock.
A second centre, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding in the Sichuan capital, Chengdu, has taken the opposite approach.
At Chengdu, operated in collaboration with Virginiabased Global Cause Foundation, humans train the bears to eat, climb trees and find water, making it easier to intervene when they are injured or sick. The base is a major tourist attraction where thousands file past the panda nursery, furiously snapping photos.
The problem is that whatever the approach, the release of pandas can prove physically dangerous for the pandas and politically delicate for the humans, since the public reacts with outrage to any sort of panda suffering or fatalities.
Of 11 pandas so far released permanently by the two centres, three have died and a fourth, Qian Qian (pronounced Chen Chen), got sick and would have perished had she not been rescued.
‘‘In some places the wild population is less than 30, in some less than 20,’’ said Zhang Hemin, deputy director of the China Conservation and Research Centre for the Giant Panda, which runs the Hetaoping base, as well as another facility in Dujiangyan. ‘‘If we don’t help them, they’ll be extinct within the next 30 to 50 years. That’s why we are training the captivebred pandas for release.’’
But for Zhang, the lifelong mission has at times proved heartbreaking. He recalls desperate experiments — based on guesswork — back in the 1990s, when the survival rate of captiveborn cubs was only 33%. In those days, cubs frequently died of malnutrition as researchers tried milk from cows, goats and even humans before determining that panda milk alone kept panda cubs alive.
Now, virtually all captivebred cubs at Hetaoping survive to adulthood, even the twins, which mother pandas do not support on their own. Cao Cao’s keepers must switch her cubs every two days to ensure both get equal amounts of maternal care and milk. Nursery staffers feed the switched cub panda milk, and swab it with cotton wool dipped in warm water to provide warmth and contact.
When they are 2 years old, cubs are deemed ready for release. But the life of wild pandas is extremely difficult. Sensitive and solitary creatures, they live in rough mountainous terrain, spending much of their time chomping 918kg of fibrous bamboo daily in order to survive. They do not hibernate because bamboo does not allow them to gain enough fat.
Captivebred male pandas also face challenges in the wild from aggressive, territorial males, not to mention other species. Females are less likely to face issues with wild pandas but stress, as well as bites from feral dogs and leopards, pose a mortal threat.
Zhang, known in China as the Father of Pandas, says one of his worst moments came when the first captivebred panda, released after years of research and training, died just a year later. That panda, a male named Xiang Xiang, was attacked by other animals and either fell to his death from a cliff or a tree, perhaps cornered or fleeing in confusion.
‘‘We heard the sounds of chasing and fighting,’’ Zhang said of Xiang Xiang’s demise. ‘‘It was not a success.’’
Zhang says he was devastated because the bear’s training evidently left it illequipped for life in the wild. At the time, Zhang said, researchers were basically making things up as they went along.
‘‘We used our human ideas on how to survive in the wild,’’ he said. ‘‘So he died.’’
Hetaoping panda keeper He Shengshan agrees.
‘‘We trained the panda with humans directly involved stepbystep,’’ said He. ‘‘We trained him how to climb trees and find water and food. We thought Xiang Xiang had mastered everything he needed to live in the wild, but obviously we were wrong.’’
From then on, Hetaoping researchers have sought to avoid human training and contact.
The panda release project resumed four years later and it took an additional two years of training for Tao Tao (Cao Cao’s cub) to be prepared. A top Communist Party official opened the cub’s cage and he wandered up a track, clambered into the forest and disappeared. The issue of whether he is now a father will be determined when the possible offspring is an adult and DNA in stool samples can be tested.
Training by humans did not help He Sheng, a male from the Chengdu base released about the same time. He died of infection a few months later after he was attacked, possibly by feral dogs.
Zhang Zhihe, director of the Chengdu centre, shudders visibly when asked about the stories and names of Chengdu pandas being trained for release. After He Sheng died, critics accused the centre on social media of ‘‘murdering’’ pandas, Zhang recalls.
‘‘Pandas are so famous, politically, economically and culturally,’’ he said. ‘‘The public maybe will not understand the importance or the difficulty. Maybe they will think it’s very easy. They will not allow any failure.’’
When Cao Cao was released temporarily to breed with a wild male, a team of panda trainers and keepers followed her closely, checking for signs of injury or hunger.
‘‘We know Cao Cao very well so we know when she’s in heat. It takes a week before a wild panda approaches, so we leave her to do her thing,’’ He said. They monitored the mating through recordings and she was returned to the base.
‘‘She has a really mild, easygoing nature and it’s very easy for us to look after her. When we wanted to build a bond, her trusting personality really helped,’’ said He.
He calls Cao Cao a ‘‘hero mother’’, having given birth to three sets of twins and three others.
Three young pandas from multiple mothers are now being prepared for release from Hetaoping.
The reintroduction plan cannot be considered a success until pandas not only survive, but also reproduce and raise wild cubs that survive and reproduce.
‘‘That is the biggest challenge for us,’’ said Zhang. ‘‘We spent almost 50 years to successfully breed pandas in captivity. Maybe it will take another 50 years to reintroduce captive pandas into the wild.’’ — TNS