Water on Jupiter’s moon
New evidence of vapour plumes has been found on Europa
More evidence of possible water plumes erupting from the surface of Jupiter’s icy moon Europa has been spotted using Nasa’s Hubble Space Telescope, the US space agency said.
Europa, one of more than 50 moons circling the gas giant, is considered by Nasa as a “top candidate” for life elsewhere in the solar system because it is believed to possess a massive, salty, subsurface ocean that is twice the size of Earth’s.
The latest finding has given scientists fresh hope that a robotic spacecraft could one day fly past these potential plumes and learn about their contents without having to drill kilometres deep into the moon’s icy shell.
“Today, we are presenting new Hubble evidence for water vapour plumes being expelled from the icy surface of Europa,” William Sparks, astronomer with the Space Telescope Science Institute in Baltimore said.
Using ultraviolet images taken by Hubble, a space telescope that was launched in 1990, the potential plumes are seen around the southern edge of Europa and appear as “dark fingers or patches of possible absorption,” Sparks said.
They were spotted on three separate occasions over the course of 15 months in 2014 when scientists observed Europa passing in front of Jupi- ter. The potential plumes were only observed three out of 10 times when Europa passed by Jupiter, suggesting that the eruptions are intermittent, he said.
They also appeared to emerge near the same places, mostly along Europa’s southern edge, where a previous team of scientists in 2012 — using a different instrument aboard Hubble — detected evidence of water vapour reaching more than 160km into space.
[We claim] to have contributed evidence that such activity may be present William Sparks
“If plumes exist this is an exciting finding because it potentially gives easier access to the ocean below.”
Sparks cautioned that more evidence is needed for scientists to be certain, whether by more Hubble observations, or by some independent observing technique. “I do want to stress that the observations are at the limit of what Hubble can do. We do not claim to have proven the existence of plumes but rather to have contributed evidence that such activity may be present.”
Nasa announced last year that it intends to send a robotic spacecraft to circle Europa in the 2020s. This mission will not seek to find life, but will measure the habitability of Europa, to see if conditions exist that could sustain living organisms on the moon which orbits Jupiter every three and a half days.
Last year, data from Hubble confirmed that Jupiter’s larg- est moon, Ganymede, has an underground ocean that contains more water than Earth’s, broadening the hunt for places in the solar system where life might be able to exist. Only one other moon is known in the solar system — Saturn’s moon Enceladus — to have icy plumes, based on data from Nasa’s Cassini spacecraft.