Bushfire damage ‘likely irreversible’
Australia’s forests are burning at a rate unmatched in modern times and scientists say the landscape is being permanently altered as a warming climate brings profound changes to the island continent.
Heat waves and drought have fuelled bigger and more frequent fires in parts of Australia, so far this season torching some 104,000 square kilometres.
With blazes still raging in the country’s southeast, government officials are drawing up plans to reseed burned areas to speed up forest recovery that could otherwise take decades or even centuries.
But some scientists and forestry experts doubt that reseeding and other intervention efforts can match the scope of the destruction. The fires since September have killed 28 people and burned more than 2600 houses.
Before the recent wildfires, ecologists divided up Australia’s native vegetation into two categories: fire-adapted landscapes that burn periodically, and those that don’t burn. In the recent fires, that distinction lost meaning — even rainforests and peat swamps caught fire, likely changing them forever.
Flames have blazed through jungles dried out by drought, such as Eungella National Park, where shrouds of mist have been replaced by smoke.
‘‘Anybody would have said these forests don’t burn, that there’s not enough material and they are wet. Well they did,’’ said forest restoration expert Sebastian Pfautsch, a research fellow at Western Sydney University.
‘‘Climate change is happening now, and we are seeing the effects of it,’’ he said.
High temperatures, drought and more frequent wildfires — all linked to climate change — may make it impossible for even fireadapted forests to be restored, scientists say.
‘‘The normal processes of recovery are going to be less effective, going to take longer,’’ said Roger Kitching, an ecologist at Griffith University in Queensland. ‘‘Instead of an ecosystem taking a decade, it may take a century or more to recover, all assuming we don’t get another fire season of this magnitude soon.’’
Young stands of mountain ash trees – which are not expected to burn because they have minimal foliage – have burned in the Australian Alps, the highest mountain range on the continent. Fire this fully year wiped out stands reseeded following fires in 2013.
Mountain ash, the world’s tallest flowering trees, reach heights of almost 90m and live hundreds of years. They’re an iconic presence in southeast Australia, comparable to the redwoods of Northern California, and are highly valued by the timber industry.
‘‘I’m expecting major areas of (tree) loss this year, mainly because we will not have sufficient seed to sow them,’’ said Owen Bassett of Forest Solutions, a private company that works with government agencies to reseed forests by helicopter following fires.
Bassett plans to send out teams to climb trees in parts of Victoria that did not burn to harvest seed pods. But he expects to get at most a tonne of seeds this year, about one-tenth of what he said is needed.
Fire is a normal part of an ash forest life cycle, clearing out older stands to make way for new growth. But the extent and intensity of this year’s fires left few surviving trees in many areas.
Already ash forests in parts of Victoria had been hit by wildfire every four to five years, allowing less marketable tree species to take over or meadows to form.
‘‘If a young ash forest is burned and killed and we can’t resow it, then it is lost,’’ Bassett said.
The changing landscape has major implications for Australia’s diverse wildlife. The fires in Eungella National Park, for example, threaten ‘‘frogs and reptiles that don’t live anywhere else,’’ said University of Queensland ecologist Diana Fisher.
Fires typically burn through the forest in a patchwork pattern, leaving unburned refuges from which plant and animal species can spread. However, megafires are consuming everything in their path and leaving little room for that kind of recovery, said Griffith University’s Kitching.