Closing the Gap in Climate Finance in Sub Saharan Africa
Africa faces some of the most severe impacts of climate change although the continent accounts for an infinitesimal proportion of the industrial activities that scientists say contribute to global warming and extreme climatic events. The mismatch of cause and effect of climate change in Africa explains why the developed industrial countries often agree to contribute to financing for climate change mitigation and adaptation programmes on the continent. On its own, and based on current realities, Africa cannot provide all the needed resources.
But, unfortunately, only a tiny fraction of global climate finance has reached Sub Saharan Africa – the world's least developed region. Even worse, the poorest nations in the region have been the least recipients of the climate intervention funding. These trends need to change.
A number of financiers and aid agencies have remained committed to the goal of climate change mitigation and adaptation. They have pledged funds to support countries' resilience systems as well as low-carbon development. The Clean Technology Fund (CTF), administered by the World Bank, and the Least Developed Countries Fund (LDCF), operated by the Global Environment Facility (GEF), are the largest funders of climate change projects in Africa. A total of $2.67 billion has been approved for more than 400 projects and programmes on the continent since 2003, according to
Climate Funds Update (CFU), an independent website that provides information on the growing number of international climate finance initiatives designed to help developing countries address the challenges of climate change.
Moreover, the six biggest multilateral development banks (MDBs), namely the European Investment Bank (EIB), the Inter-American Development Bank Group (IDBG), the African Development Bank (AfDB), the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), the World Bank Group (WBG), and the Asian Development Bank (ADB) jointly mobilized the sum of $81 billion in 2015 for climate finance. But out of this amount, Sub Saharan African countries received only 9%, or $7.29 billion.
Central Asia and the non-European Union countries of Europe received the lion share of the funding at 20%, followed by South Asia, which received 19%. Caribbean and Latin America got 15%, the Pacific and East Asia 14%, the EU 13%, and North Africa and the Middle East 9%. Multi-regional deals made up the remaining 2% of the total funding.
The major obstacle to climate investment in the SSA region has been the transaction costs of the micro-scale projects that are needed in the leastdeveloped areas, as well as the problem of designing and carrying out such projects in effective ways – financial viability and replicable ability. Also, the need to distribute climate finance evenly and uniformly has become a great obstacle in the region.
Twenty climate funds are functioning in the region. The biggest contribution is from CTF, which has approved $446 million for four large-scale renewable energy projects in South Africa. The International Climate Initiative (ICI) of Germany, the International Climate and Forests Initiative (ICFI) of Norway, and the International Climate Fund (ICF) of the UK have all invested in SSA countries via their individual country's bilateral climate funds. Funding for South Africa has been largely channeled to Eskom Renewable Energy project.
The AfDB provided $905 million from her internal resources in 2015, supplemented by $58 million in external resources to boost the region's renewable energy assets.
The Bank has set ambitious goals for stakeholders in the industry to help ensure that Africa experiences an exponential growth in clean energy access as well as benefit from an extensive increase in climate-friendly energy use and green development. This will assist the region in supporting innovative projects in solar, wind, geothermal, and water, as noted by Alex Rugamba, Chair of AfDB's Climate Change Coordination Committee (CCCC).
Furthermore, the AfDB provided $305 million of her own resources and $91 million of external resources in 2015 to support adaptation commitments to intensify the resilience of Sub Saharan Africa against climate change especially in forestry, agriculture and land use sectors. Water and waste water systems received 27% of the adaptation fund. Energy, transportation and related infrastructure got 24%, and crop and food production 18%. Renewable energy received the bulk of mitigation finance at 30%, lower carbon transport at 26%, and energy efficiency commitments at 14%.
Looking into the future, the MDBs will increase climate finance activities in many sectors, especially in renewable energy and energy efficiency; low carbon and climate resilient cities, regions, and industries; low carbon transportation; natural resource efficiency; climate-friendly agriculture; and food security. These will support implementation of the Paris Agreement.
As countries of Sub Saharan Africa work to put their development goals right and implement their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) under the Paris Agreement, mobilization of climate finance for the region must gain more momentum. The obstacles to even distribution of resources according to need must be addressed to avoid increasing crystallization of climate risk in the poorest countries already in the eye of the storm.
The obstacles to even distribution of resources according to need must be addressed to avoid increasing crystallization of climate risk in the poorest countries already in the eye of the storm.