The politics of financial volatility

TWENTY-FOUR years ago, in the midst of an ugly US presidential campaign, Bill Clinton's campaign manager neatly summed up his candidate's message: "It's the economy, stupid." Today, as investors struggle to understand what is driving extreme volatility in the financial markets, there is an equally pithy explanation: It's the stupid politics. Central bank policies have moved from supporting the markets to potentially destabilizing them. Now markets are turning to structural reform and fiscal policy for assistance. In this light, current price movements should be viewed through the spectrum of geopolitics. And it is not a nice view.

Nowhere is this more evident than in the oil markets, where prices have collapsed, with both Brent and Crude now hovering around the $30per-barrel level. The extent of oil's fall, and consequent deflationary fears, is cited as a major factor behind overall market turmoil. In January, the correlation between crude oil prices and the S&P 500 reached the highest level since 1990. It has become increasingly clear that supply dynamics, rather than falling demand, explain the drop from $110/barrel since the summer of 2014. The shift to competitive pricing implied by the breakdown of Saudi Arabia's monopoly power, together with OPEC's desire to counter the threat from US Shale energy, drove the first downward move. Likewise, the recent lifting of sanctions on Iran, and the resulting increase in global oil supply, prompted a further 9 percent price drop over a matter of days.

These supply dynamics are shaped by politics. Daily headlines about potential coordinated measures by the key oil-producing countries fuel oil-price volatility and define risk appetite across financial markets. Yet the politics is so confused that coordination appears unlikely, at best; the Iranian oil minister recently described a potential OPEC production freeze as a "joke." Iran's parliamentary elections augment the uncertainty. Aside from oil, the other popular explanation for today's market tumult is the economic slowdown in China, which many investors have cited as the reason for slumping equity prices this year. But the slowdown, reflecting China's transition from investment- led to consumption-driven growth, was widely expected, and the 2015 growth figure of 6.8% was within forecasts.

The real problem has been self-inflicted policy errors by China's political leaders. An illadvised intervention in the equity markets in July 2015, followed by a poorly communicated exchange-rate adjustment in August, led investors to question the competence of policymakers. These concerns have grown since the beginning of the year. Currency policy remains confused, while newly introduced (and soon withdrawn) stock-market circuit breakers have accelerated market falls, as investors try to sell shares before liquidity disappears. Moreover, purchases by state-owned financial institutions, together with bans on sales by large institutional shareholders, cannot remain permanent features if the market is to be truly free. Expected leader- ship changes - six of the seven members of the Politburo Standing Committee will be replaced over the next 18 months - will only exacerbate uncertainty. Labile politics are increasingly driving outcomes in other emerging markets as well. In Brazil, the government struggles to balance its populist agenda with lower commodity prices, dwindling growth, and persistent inflation. Moreover, a corruption scandal has paralyzed reform. Small wonder that Brazil's stock market has fallen 28 percent since last May. In Russia, too, politics has aggravated the negative oilprice shock. Western sanctions have contributed to an already slowing growth trajectory, and are threatening Russia's ability to raise debt capital in global markets. The ruble has plummeted 130 percent since 2014 began, and GDP in 2015 contracted by 3.7 percent. Yet Russia is a star performer compared to Venezuela, where President Nicolás Maduro's government has overseen the economy's total disintegration. Indeed, analysts are declaring the country is past the "point of no return." Even the relatively dynamic India is struggling, as its exciting reform agenda is challenged by social protests. In Europe, the efficacy of the European Central Bank's monetary policies is waning as the political scene becomes increasingly fragile. In the United Kingdom, polls show the June 23 referendum on continued European Union membership will be extremely tight - an obvious threat to market stability, reflected in the immediate sell-off of pounds.