Chaos deepens in Syria's northeast

Across most of Syria, the active zones of opposing outside powers are largely clear. In government-held territory in the country's center, west and south, President Bashar al-Assad's allies Russia, Iran and Hezbollah predominate. The northwest is the remit of Turkey, where it operates in support of its local Syrian opposition proxies.

The bubble around al-Tanf crossing on Syria's border with Iraq is the exclusive province of American military forces and their international allies.

The one region that fails to adhere to these divisions is the country's northeast. From Manbij in the west across to Hasakah and the Iraqi border in the east, the primary local players are the Kurdish-led Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF). From 2015 to 2019, US forces operated here alongside them, establishing bases and even an airstrip as part of their anti-ISIS intervention.

Last year, however, saw this dynamic upended: The joint shocks of a seemingly imminent Turkish incursion along with the sudden announcement of a US pullout led the Syrian Kurds to invite Russian and Syrian government forces to enter the area as they cast about for any potential allies that might deter Ankara.

In the end, US forces remained, albeit in lesser numbers; but so too did the new arrivals. And then, to complicate matters further, an American oil company suddenly appeared among them.

This year has seen a tense coexistence between US and Russian forces. Early in the year, there were numerous instances of US patrols attempting to restrict the mobility of their Russian counterparts. Several times, US forces stopped Russian patrols, leading to standoffs.

In at least one instance, Syrian government forces, subjected to similar treatment, actually opened fire on US troops, leading to deaths when the Americans fought back.

While hostile incidents have decreased recently, contact has not, as indicated by the statement from a senior US military official last month that American and Russian forces were interacting in Syria "nearly every day."

There appears to be a clear mismatch in the political determination and military investment in the region between Washington and Moscow.

Despite the United States' repeatedly stated commitment to protecting Kurdish control of local oilfields, American forces have been drawn down to perhaps a few hundred for the entire area.

Russia, meanwhile, continues to scale up its presence and integration with local actors: Russian forces recently developed their base at Qamishli Airport on the Turkish border, incorporated attack helicopters into their patrols and have begun training additional local militia forces.

In July, the Russians moved more than two dozen tanks and armored vehicles to the village of Mazloum, on the eastern side of the Euphrates River and barely 2 kilometers from where US forces are located.

All of this is occurring against a background of an increasing number of assassinations, bombings and other attacks by various local underground cells, not the least among them being Islamic State (ISIS). Insurgents from this group, active since the urban centers of the eastern Syrian desert were retaken by government forces in 2017, have ramped up their activity, regularly raiding pro-government troops and ambushing patrols in Deir Ezzor and Hama provinces.

Additionally,

there

is

the increasing prevalence of cells established and directed by Syrian military intelligence, cells that may be linked to the killings of several important tribal sheikhs in the region. Further adding to the chaos, there have been several deadly confrontations between Russianbacked militias and pro-Damascus formations in Deir Ezzor province.

Local media have reported the al-Quds Brigade, a unit with close links to the Russian military, expelling pro-Damascus militiamen from oilfields east of the town of al-Bukamal, resulting in clashes and deaths. It is thus very surprising that US companies are now becoming more invested in northeastern Syria than ever, at a time when American control over the region is weaker than at any point in the last few years.

The revelation that an American company, Delta Crescent Energy, had reached a $150 million deal with the Kurdish-led regional government to build a refinery and conduct exploration activity in three local oilfields appears directly at odds with the continued drawdown of US forces and as their various rivals all grow stronger.