Dangers persist for workers
The 2013 Dhaka garment-factory collapse, killing more than 1,100 workers and injuring 2,600 more, is the clothing industry's worst ever industrial incident. It is not just the body count, though, that made the collapse of the Rana Plaza, a nine-story building in the Bangladeshi industrial city of Savar (near Dhaka) capture global attention (briefly) and spur activism around the world to improve the treatment of garment workers.
This was an accident waiting to happen. Structural cracks in the building had been discovered the day before. Businesses on the lower floors (shops and a bank) were closed immediately. The five garment factories on the upper floors made their workers keep working. On the morning of April 24, 2013, there was a power outage. Diesel generators at the top of the building were turned on. Then the building collapsed.
The official death toll is 1,132. But these things are never clear-cut. That number doesn't include, for example, Nowshad Hasan Himu, a volunteer who spent 17 days in the rescue work that pulled more than 1,000 survivors from the rubble. Some could be only be freed by amputating limbs. Himu rescued dozens alive, and also moved the dead. On April 24, 2019, the sixth anniversary of the disaster, he committed suicide.
The Rana Plaza collapse briefly shone a spotlight on the underbelly of the global fashion business, a US$2.4 trillion industry that employs about 40 million of the world's poorest workers, often in dangerous and degrading conditions. About 4 million of them are in Bangladesh, the second-biggest "ready-made garment" exporter in the world, after China.
Activist groups such as Clean Clothes Campaign lobbied for compensation for the victims - many still suffer from their injuries - and better conditions for garment workers generally. For this was no isolated incident. Garment workers routinely died in factory fires and faced other dangers. At least 29 global brands were identified as doing business with one or more of the five factories in the Rana Plaza building. Each was "a complicit participant in the creation of an environment that ultimately led to the deaths and maiming of thousands," said Clean Clothes Campaign.
Yet the problem was far wider than just those brands. It was a systemic problem. In a sense every shopper choosing clothes on the basis of lowest price was complicit. The industry vowed to do better. Within a month 222 companies signed the Accord on Fire and Building Safety in Bangladesh, a legally binding agreement meant to ensure garment workers had safe workplaces.
Things have improved. But not enough. Eight years on, the fundamental problems in global supply chains the disconnect among profits, accountability and responsibility - remains. This disconnect was glaring when we interviewed Bangladesh manufacturers and Australian retailers in 2018 as part of our research.
Retailers maintained they were living up to their obligations by only sourcing garments from manufacturers complying with the Accord on Fire and Building Safety in Bangladesh. But manufacturers told us their compliance was often a charade. One said: "Changes brought in after Rana Plaza, such as limiting the worker overtime hours and availability of a nurse and a childcare worker in the facility, are often only done for the day of auditing."
The reason: to keep costs low. Another manufacturer said: "Though we are complying to the rules established by the retailer to promote safe production practices, price and quality still plays an important role in getting the orders." Here's the problem illustrated in terms of a T-shirt. According to Clean Clothes Campaign - an organization backed by 230 unions, non-government organizations and research bodies - just 0.6% of the retail price of a T-shirt goes to the worker. The factory owner takes 4% as profit. The brand label takes 12%. But the retailer takes 59%.