The costs of Afghan war
The US invaded Afghanistan in late 2001 to destroy al-Qaeda, remove the Taliban from power and remake the nation. On August 30, 2021, the US completed a pullout of troops from Afghanistan, providing an uncertain punctuation mark to two decades of conflict.
For the past 11 years I have closely followed the post-9/11 conflicts for the Costs of War Project, an initiative that brings together more than 50 scholars, physicians and legal and human rights experts to provide an account of the human, economic, budgetary and political costs and consequences of the Iraq and Afghanistan wars.
Of course, by themselves figures can never give a complete picture of what happened and what it means, but they can help put this war in perspective.
The 20 numbers highlighted in boldface below, some drawn from figures released on Wednesday by the Costs of War Project, help tell the story of the Afghanistan war. From 2001 to 2021
On September 18, 2001, the US House of Representatives voted 420-1 and the Senate 98-0 to authorize the United States to go to war, not just in Afghanistan, but in an open-ended commitment against "those responsible for the recent attacks launched against the United States." US Representative Barbara Lee of California cast the only vote opposed to the war.
In other words, the US Congress took 7 days after the September 11 attacks to deliberate on and authorize the war.
At 7,262 days from the first attack on
Afghanistan to the final troop pullout, Afghanistan is said to be the United States' longest war. But it isn't - the US has not officially ended the Korean War. And US operations in Vietnam, which began in the mid1950s and included the declared war from 1965-1975, also rival Afghanistan in longevity.
US president George W Bush told members of Congress in a joint session on September 20, 2001, that the war would be global, overt and covert, and could last a very long time.
"Our war on terror begins with alQaeda, but it does not end there. It will not end until every terrorist group of global reach has been found, stopped and defeated.… Americans should not expect one battle, but a lengthy campaign, unlike any other we have ever seen," he said.
The US started bombing Afghanistan a few weeks later. The Taliban surrendered in Kandahar on December 9, 2001. The US began to fight them again in earnest in March 2002. In April 2002, Bush promised to help bring "true peace" to Afghanistan: "Peace will be achieved by helping Afghanistan develop its own stable government. Peace will be achieved by helping Afghanistan train and develop its own national army. And peace will be achieved through an education system for boys and girls which works."
The global war on terror was not confined to operations in Iraq and Afghanistan. The US now has counterterrorism operations in 85 countries.
Most Afghans alive today were not born when the US war began. The median age in Afghanistan is just 18.4 years. Including their country's war with the Soviet Union from 1979 to 1989 and civil war in the 1990s, most Afghans have lived under nearly continuous war.
There are, according to the US Bureau of Labor Statistics, 980,000 US Afghanistan war veterans. Of these men and women, 507,000 served in both Afghanistan and Iraq.
As of mid-August 2021, 20,722 members of the US military had been wounded in action in Afghanistan, not including the 18 who were injured in the attack by ISIS-K outside the airport in Kabul on August 26.
Of the veterans who were injured and lost a limb in the post-9/11 wars, many lost more than one. According to Dr Paul Pasquina of the Uniformed Services
University of the Health Sciences, of these veterans, "About 40% to 60% also sustained a brain injury. Because of some of the lessons learned and the innovations that have taken place on the battlefield … we were taking care of service members who in previous conflicts would have died."
In fact, because of advances in trauma care, more than 90% of all soldiers in Afghanistan and Iraq who were injured in the field survived. Many of the seriously injured survived wounds that in the past might have killed them.
In all, 2,455 US service members were killed in the Afghanistan war. The figure includes 13 US troops who were killed by ISIS-K in the Kabul Airport attack on August 26, 2021.
US deaths in Operation Enduring Freedom also include 130 service members who died in other locations besides Afghanistan, including Guantanamo Bay in Cuba, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Jordan, Kenya, Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, the Philippines, Seychelles, Sudan, Tajikistan, Turkey, Uzbekistan and Yemen.
The US has paid $100,000 in a "death gratuity" to the survivors of each of the service members killed in the Afghanistan war, totaling $245.5 million.
More than 46,000 civilians have been killed by all sides in the Afghanistan conflict. These are the direct deaths from bombs, bullets, blasts and fire. Thousands more have been injured, according to the United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan. And while the number of Afghans leaving the country has increased in recent weeks, more than 2.2 million displaced Afghans were living in Iran and Pakistan at the end of 2020.