Russia's remote permafrost thaws, threatening homes
The old airport in the Siberian settlement of Churapcha has been unusable for years, its runway transformed into a swampy field of puffed-up mounds and reliefs. Like cities and towns across northern and northeastern Russia, Churapcha is suffering the consequence of climate change. "There isn't a single settlement in Russia's Arctic where you wouldn't find a destroyed or deformed building," said Alexey Maslakov, a scientist at Moscow State University.
Homes are becoming separated from sinking earth. Pipelines and storage facilities are under threat. Roads are increasingly in need of repair.
As Russia warms 2.8 times faster than the global average, the melting of Siberia's long-frozen tundra is releasing greenhouse gases that scientists fear could frustrate global efforts to curb climate-warming emissions.
With permafrost covering 65% of Russia's landmass, the costs are already mounting. Russia could face 7 trillion roubles ($97 billion) in infrastructure damage by 2050 if the rate of warming continues, said Mikhail Zheleznyak, director of Yakutsk's Melnikov Permafrost Institute.
The bumpy landscape around Churapcha, located some 5,000 km (3,100 miles) east of Moscow, resembles giant sheets of bubble wrap in places where ice wedges inside the ground have melted, causing the ground to crumble, sag or cave in altogether. "Roads, electric power supply lines, gas pipelines, oil pipelines - all linear structures respond primarily to the warming climate and its impact on the permafrost," said Alexander Fyodorov, deputy director of the Permafrost Institute. Built in the 1960s and 1970s as Soviet
Russia expanded into the Arctic, many buildings in the far north and far east were constructed with the assumption that the permafrost - frozen for millennia - was sturdy and would never thaw. Apartment blocks sit atop stilts driven metres into the ground.
Churapcha, with a population of 10,000, saw its airport closed in the 1990s because of the melt, scientists say. Over the years, the once-smooth runway has become a mottled field that looks more like a dragon's back, as the ground sinks and the ice melts. Eventually, the area could become a lake, according to scientists.
Fyodorov at the Permafrost Institute has been studying the site for years, and found that some areas were subsiding at an average rate of 2-4 centimetres a year, while others were sinking by up to 12 cms annually. In eight settlements in central Yakutia, a region in northeast Russia, 72% of people surveyed by the North-Eastern State University said they have had problems with the subsidence of their homes' foundations, said Fyodorov.
Across Russia, there are more than 15 million people living on permafrost foundations. Russia is investing to better monitor the subterranean thaw. "We don't know what's actually happening to it," Ecology Minister Alexander Kozlov said in August. "We need the monitoring not only to follow what is melting and how. Scientists will use it to predict its consequences and learn how to prevent accidents."
The ministry plans to deploy 140 monitoring stations, each with up to 30-metre wells to measure the situation underground. While that may help determine how quickly the region is thawing, it won't help villagers like Yegor Dyachkovsky whose home is already buckling at Churapcha's former airport.