Is this Europe's winter of discontent - or Putin's?
As 2023 gets underway, most forecasts for the global economy are downbeat as central banks combat inflation by raising interest rates.
Among developed economies, Europe faces the worst predicament because it is also impacted by a squeeze of natural gas supplies from Russia. Russian gas exports to Europe via pipelines plummeted to a postSoviet low in 2022 as the European Union (EU) cut imports due to the Ukraine conflict and a major pipeline was damaged by an explosion.
Many observers believe Europe's economy is already in recession and that it will deepen this winter. This forecast may have to be modified, however, as prices for natural gas have fallen unexpectedly to pre-Ukraine war levels. This surprise has caused forecasters to scramble to discern why it is happening and whether it will persist. There is general agreement about one of the factors contributing to the price decline:
The spike in energy prices in the wake of Russia's invasion of Ukraine weakened the global economy, which then lowered global demand for crude oil and natural gas.
In addition, Europe has undertaken significant steps to conserve natural gas and other forms of energy. A Financial Times article documents sacrifices that European countries are making to limit the fallout of Russia's squeeze.
They include reducing sauna visits in Finland; dimming lights and lowering temperatures in public areas in Germany, France, Austria and other countries; and reverting to ways to economize on energy in Eastern Europe during the Soviet era. Businesses and households also have substituted other sources of energy, including coal in Germany, nuclear power in France and wind power throughout the EU.
All told, estimates of the reduction in natural gas usage across Europe were around 15 percent in the second half of 2022, which is in line with the commitment EU governments made in July. The main supply side factor has been stepped up imports of liquefied natural gas (LNG). The principal supplier has been the United States, which has emerged as the world's largest exporter of LNG.
According to the Energy
Information Agency, nearly two thirds of U.S. LNG exports in the first half of 2022 went to the EU and UK.
These shipments were enabled by a significant increase in import capacity of the EU and UK that is projected to expand by one third by 2024 over 2021. European countries have reactivated development of previously dormant regasification facilities at existing terminals, and they have implemented upgrades since Russia's invasion of Ukraine.
Another critical factor has been luck. Europe has been experiencing unusually warm weather since October, with temperatures in the north-west region nearly 8.5 degrees Celsius above the long-term average. Javier Bias of Bloomberg reports that reduced energy demand from warmer temperatures could be 13 percent below the 30-year average. This has allowed European countries to build energy storage to 83 percent of capacity, which is 30 percentage points above 2021 levels.
The impact of lower gas costs, softer demand and increased reliance on alternatives is particularly apparent on electricity prices, which have plummeted. For example, German prices, which soared in August, plunged last week into negative territory. This means producers had to pay consumers to dispose of their electricity generation.
The big unknown, of course, is how long the warm spell will last. The good news is that Europe will soon be halfway through its heating season. Nonetheless, prices could spike quickly if weather turns colder, and some commodity analysts anticipate that 2023 will be another strong year for commodities as demand for energy resumes while supplies tighten.
In its 2023 commodities outlook, Goldman Sachs predicts that "Despite the recent price declines, commodities will likely finish the year as the best performing asset class." It predicts commodity prices to surge by 43 percent. So, where does that leave Europe now? My take is that whatever happens to natural gas prices, Europe has received a much-needed respite to make it through the winter.
‘‘Nonetheless, prices could spike quickly if weather turns colder, and some commodity analysts anticipate that 2023 will be another strong year for commodities as demand for energy resumes while supplies tighten.”