“Without exception, all countries showed an improvement in average fuel economy in 2015 compared with 2005. Over the past decade, the greatest progress (measured in terms of percentage improvement over 2005 values) occurred in Turkey, followed by the Unit

registrations of new LDVs almost evenly spit between OECD countries (51%) and non- OECD countries (49%).

The improvement may be lower than needed, but it is reassuring that the countries tracked by GFEI all made progress toward greater fuel efficiency. “Without exception, a l l count r i es showed an improvement in average fuel economy in 2015 compared with 2005. Over the past decade, the greatest progress ( measured in t erms of per c ent a ge improvement over 2005 values) occurred in Turkey, followed by the United Kingdom and Japan,” the initiative said, adding that the countries with best average fuel economy tended to have a higher proportion of LDV sales with lower power and displacement engines, lower weight and a smaller footprint.

It continued, “Country- level results, and in particular the large improvements in LDV fuel economy being achieved in the European Union and China, show that stronger action on the combined adoption of fuel economy policies ( including regulatory instruments such as fuel economy standards) and fiscal incentives ( such as vehicle taxes differentiated on the basis of emissions of CO per km) can deliver effective fuel economy improvements. This is especially important in a period characterized by a slowdown in fuel economy improvements in OECD countries.”

GFEI said policy actions measurable solely against text results would not close the gap in fuel economy between test and real- world driving conditions. To achieve greater accuracy and representativeness of tested fuel economy against real-world consumption, there is a need for a combination of on- road tests, similar to the real driving emissions test procedure for air pollutants, and in-use conformity tests of randomly selected production vehicles.