A summary of Trump’s many trade conflicts

WASHINGTON — President Donald Trump, to the alarm of US trading partners, has kept his course of aggressive trade policy, imposing punitive tariffs on countries he accuses of cheating American workers.

His trade war with China escalated on Monday to cover nearly half of all US imports from that country, is by far the largest and broadest of several fights picked by Mr. Trump. Here is a summary of the ongoing conflicts:

CHINA

After weeks of threats, Mr. Trump followed through with 10% tariffs on $200 billion in imports from China, which take effect Sept. 24, and are on top of the $50 billion already subject to 25% duties.

The latest round of imports will face 10% tariffs through the end of the year, and then the rate will jump to 25%, giving businesses time to find new suppliers, officials said.

The new taxes will hit a broad swath of products, including billions in Chinesemade voice data receivers, computer memory modules and automatic data processors.

However, the initial list announced in July was reduced by 300 product lines, sparing consumer electronics like smart watches and bluetooth devices, and child safety products such as high chairs, car seats and play pens, among others.

China has accused the US of starting the “largest trade war in economic history,” and has again vowed to retaliate with duties on $60 billion in US goods, but since the country only imports $130 billion in US goods, its ability to hit back with matching tariffs is now limited.

Mr. Trump has threatened to target another $267 billion in goods the US imports from China.

Beijing has filed a complaint in the World Trade Organization against the US actions.

EUROPEAN UNION

On June 1, Mr. Trump imposed tariffs of 25% on steel and 10% on aluminum from the European Union (EU), Canada and Mexico.

Mr. Trump has said the EU is “possibly almost as bad as China” when it comes to trade, as a raft of retaliatory tariffs from Brussels came into effect on June 22.

From blue jeans to motorbikes and whiskey, the EU’s hit list of products targeted the most emblematic of American exports.

Mr. Trump has also threatened to impose punitive levies on imported cars, something Germany’s powerful auto industry particularly fears.

But Mr. Trump and European Commission President Jean-Claude Juncker announced a plan on July 25 to defuse the row, with Washington backing off the auto tariffs against Europe, at least for now.

Both sides are now discussing how to pursue talks toward zero tariffs. But the European Commission is awaiting a negotiating mandate from EU member states.

CANADA AND MEXICO

Canada and Mexico, members of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) with the US, have imposed their own counter-tariffs on US goods after Washington’s steel and aluminum duties took effect.

Those tariffs were imposed after Mr. Trump came to office demanding an overhaul of the “terrible” NAFTA deal. Complicated talks to that end have been proceeding.

Last month, Mexico and the US finalized a preliminary agreement on a new NAFTA pact they intend to sign by December 1.

Since then, Canada has been in intense talks to preserve NAFTA as a three-country deal, but negotiations remain hung up on the dispute resolution mechanism as well as on Ottawa’s strict control over its domestic dairy market, which Mr. Trump has repeatedly railed against.

JAPAN

Japan is another target of Mr. Trump’s steel tariffs, which Tokyo calls “extremely deplorable.”

Japan has informed the WTO that it plans to impose retaliatory measures on US goods to the tune of ¥50 billion ($455 million).

It also wants an exemption from the threatened US duties on auto imports, which represent a major threat to its car industry as well as Germany’s.

IRAN

In May, Trump announced he was abandoning the 2015 nuclear deal with Iran and reimposing sanctions in two phases in August and November, with the second targeting the country’s vital oil and gas sector.

That entails the potential for huge penalties against those who trade with Iran, including European energy firms and automakers.

Europe has vowed to keep providing Iran with the economic benefits it received from the nuclear deal.

But many of its bigger companies have already pulled out of the country before their investments could bear fruit, including Total, Daimler, Siemens and Peugeot.

TURKEY

Igniting a secondary skirmish, Mr. Trump this month said that he had doubled steel and aluminum tariffs on NATO ally Turkey amid a row over an American pastor held for two years on terror charges.

The Twitter announcement on Aug. 10 caused the Turkish lira to crash nearly 20%, and prompted President Recep Tayyip Erdogan to claim Turkey was victim of a “political plot” and an “economic war.”

Turkey has in turn hiked tariffs on imports of several US products such as rice, alcohol, leaf tobacco, cosmetics and cars. —