2°C cap on global warming won’t save Arctic sea ice

PARIS (AFP) – Even if humanity stops global warming in its tracks at two degrees Celsius, long seen as the guardrail for a climate-safe world, Arctic sea ice will still disappear in some years, scientists have warned.

Holding the line at 1.5 C (2.7 degrees Fahrenheit), however, would make a huge difference, according to two separate studies published Monday in the journal Nature Climate Change.

In a 2C (3.6F) world, the Arctic Ocean would be ice-free roughly one-in-four years, whereas if warming does not exceed 1.5C, the odds drop to one-in-40, the researchers concluded.

"I didn't expect to find that halfa-degree Celsius would make a big difference, but it really does," said Alexandra Jahn, author of one of the studies and an assistant professor at Colorado University in Boulder.

The 197-nation Paris climate pact enjoins the world to halt warming at "well under" 2C above mid-19thcentury levels, and "pursue efforts" to cap the rise at 1.5C.

With one degree of warming so far, Earth has already seen a crescendo of droughts, heatwaves, and storms ramped up by rising seas.

The loss of Arctic sea ice is not only a consequence of global warming, but also an accelerant when millions of square kilometers of snow reflecting the Sun's radiation back into space are replaced with dark blue ocean that absorbs it instead.

Recent studies have also fingered dwindling sea ice as a likely driver of topsy-turvy winter weather that has seen days when the North Pole is tens of degrees Celsius warmer than Europe and North America.

In 2017, summer sea ice shrank to 4.64 million square kilometers (1.79 million square miles) in September.

That was well above the record low of 3.39 million square kilometers set in 2012, but long-term trends are unmistakable: over the last four decades, minimum sea ice extent has dropped by about 40 percent.

The Arctic Ocean is projected to become ice-free in summer -- defined as less than one million square kilometers -- by mid-century unless greenhouse gas emissions are rapidly and deeply reduced.

After remaining flat for three years, global CO2 emissions in 2017 went up by 1.4 percent, dashing hopes that they had peaked, the International Energy Agency (IEA) reported last week.

Voluntary national pledges made under the Paris pact to cut CO2 emissions, if fulfilled, would yield a 3C world at best.

That would transform the Arctic, which has thus far warmed at double the rate of the world as a whole.

"Under 3C global average warming, permanent summer ice-free conditions are likely," concluded the second study, led by Michael Sigmond, a researcher at the Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis in Victoria.