Intsha yaboHlanga: Intabamlilo engadubula kungekudala
Inhlupheko yezizukulwane idlulela entsheni namuhla Phezu kwemizamo kahulumeni izinombolo ziyaphika
Selwedlule uSuku Lwentsha zonke izinto sezibuyela esimweni esejwayelekile. Lesi yisimo lapho iningi lentsha yaboHlanga ibuyela osizini lwayo lwansuku zonke okubalwa ububha, ukuswelakala kwemisebenzi kanye nezifo. Okufike kuqapheleke ngosizi olubhekene nentsha yaboHlanga wukuthi isimo ekuso singesesizukulwane, okusho abayikho bakuthathe kubazali babo, abazali babazali babo kanye nokhokho babo. Oshicilelweni lwangoNhlangulana ngowezi-2018 ngaphansi kwesihloko esithi: The State of Youth Well-Being, ucwaningo luveza ubufakazi bokuthi yize abaholi bengakhuluma ‘ngentsha yaseNingizimu Afrika’ kepha eyaboHlanga yiyo okusenzima kuyo. Ngowezi-2011 intsha engaphezu kweyisithupha eshumini (62%) ephakathi kweminyaka eli-15 kuya kwengama-24 ibihlala emakhaya anengeniso elingaphansi kwama-R779 ikhaya ngalinye uma kuqhathathaniswa nabadala abanangama-46%. Ingeniso eliwububha liyaqhubeka lihambisana nahlanga luthizeni: intsha yaboHlanga engama-69% neyamaKhaladi engama-46% bebephila ngaphansi kwesimo sobubha ngowezi-2011, uma kuqhathaniswa nama-5% entsha yabelungu.
Ngokwezibalo zakwaStats SA, kunokungalingani okukhulu emazingeni obubha ngokwezizwe zaseNingizimu Afrika.” Ngowezi-2015, abayisi-9 kwabayi-10 eNingizimu Afrika (93%) aboHlanga. Abelungu eNingizimu Afrika banezinga eliphansi kakhulu lobubha. Ngowezi-2015, kwakuyi-1% kuphela labantu elaliphila ngokunethezeka lithola ama-R991 umuntu ngamunye ngenyanga.
Olunye udaba oludida ikhanda nxa kubukwa ezemfundo kanye naboHlanga olwempumelelo ezikhungweni zemfundo ephakeme nokuyinto enomthelela nasemnothweni wezwe. Ngokombiko we-Africa Institute for Race Relation (SAIRR) ngowezi-2008 izibalo zakhomba ukuthi senyuka ngesivinini esiphezulu isibalo saboHlanga ezikhungweni zemfundo ephakeme uma kuqhathaniswa nesikhathi sangaphambili. Abafundi boHlanga abayizi-8 514 bathola iziqu zemfundo ephakeme ngowe-1991, lesi sibalo senyukele ezi-36 970 ngowezi-2008. Uma kuqhathaniswa nabamhlophe, ngowe-1991 kwaphasa abayizi-27 619, ngowezi-2008 lesi sibalo senyuke kancane saya ezi-31 527. Nakuba zibukeka zizinhle lezi zibalo kwaboHlanga, kusenenqwaba eyehlulekayo neshiya phakathi ingaqedanga ukufunda.
Ngokombiko weSAIRR ngowezi-2013, kubafundi abayizi-938 201 abangena ezikhungweni zemfundo ephakeme eNingizimu Afrika, ama-15% kuphela aphothula iziqu. Okushaqisayo ngalezi zibalo ukuthi isibalo sabafundi abangena ezikhungweni zemfundo ephakeme senyukile uma siqhathaniswa nesikhathi sangaphambilini, ikakhulukazi kwaboHlanga, kodwa isibalo sabazuza iziqu siyagqoza.
Ngonyaka wezi-2020 lezi zibalo azikaguquki kakhulu kunalokho ziyakhula. Ukusweleka kwemisebenzi eNingizimu Afrika kungase kufinyelele ezingeni elingalawuleki. Kuyimanje, abantu cishe abayizi-1 500 000 sebevese belahlekelwe yimisebenzi. Cishe kubantu abasha abayizi-800 000 abaqeda ibanga leshumi ngonyaka abaningi babo bangaqhubekeli emfundweni ephakeme, kunalokho kumele bafune imisebenzi. Besekuthi labo abaqede amabanga emfundo ephakeme, nabo futhi bafune imisebenzi. Izibalo zeStatsSA zangowezi-2019, bezibeka ema-54% wabantu abasha abangaqashiwe kuleli.
Kuyimanje ngowezi-2020, kungakabalwa ngokugcwele umthelela omubi owenziwe wubhubhane ukhuvethe, zisalinganiselwa ema-60% izibalo zabantu abasha abangenamisebenzi. Lesi sibalo sizokwenyuka kakhulu kunalama-60%. Inselelo le, engakaze ibonwe ezweni selokhu langena enqubeni yedemokhrasi. Okungefihlwe lapha wukuthi izibalo esikhulu ngesaboHlanga.
Ubudlelwano bomphakathi nentuthuko yentsha buyinkimbinkimbi. Nokho bukwazile ukuchaza umqondo ocacile kulobu budlelwano, ubuzonzo ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukukholelwa ekuqineni, izinguquko zokusungula nobungcono bentsha kanti ngakolunye uhlangothi ukwesaba nakuwo wonke amasiko.
Ephawula ngaleli phuzu embhalweni wakhe othi: “An overview of Youth Policy”, umcwaningi weHelen Suzman Foundation uNks uAnele Mtwesi ngokubukeka kwentsha uvumile ukuthi kusemqoka ukuqaphela ukuthi izwe liyibuka kanjani intsha. Lokhu kunomthelela omkhulu ekutheni izwe liyiphatha kanjani intsha. “Indlela izwe elibuka ngayo intsha yalo isemqoka ezingeni lokwakhiwa kwenqubomgomo nasekubukeni ukuthi umphakathi wenzenjani ngezindaba ezithinta intsha. Imbukeko ‘yentsha njengekungathenjelwa kuyo’ kuvela kuphela ngesikhathi sozinzo, sokukhula komnotho nangezinguquko emphakathini. Uma intsha ithathwa kanje, isuke ibhekwa njengekusasa lezwe, yamukela izimiso ezedluliswa yizizukulwane nezinye zidlulisela kwezinye ngakho-ke ingumthombo womphakathi inikezwa amathuba angcono ukuze ithuthuke futhi ikhule.
“Intsha futhi ingabukwa njengesithombe ‘sentsha eyinkinga’ esiba khona ngesikhathi senzikamnotho, ubuyaluyalu bezombusazwe futhi lapho ibekwa ‘njengeyingozi’, ‘ewubugebengu’ ‘nenodlame’ ngumphakathi nabezindaba. Ngalesi sithombe intsha ingumthombo wobungozi noma wesikhathi sokuba sebucayini lapho kufanele kube khona izindlela zokuzivikela.”
Ukuthuthukiswa kwentsha kuthathwa njengenselelo ephuthumayo neyinkimbinkimbi ebhekene nesikhathi sangale kobandlululo eNingizimu Afrika. Emveni kweminyaka engama-26 izwe langena kudemokhrasi, yintsha okuyiyona etheleleka kabi kakhulu yisimonhlalo somnotho njengesandulelangculazi nengculazi, izinga eliphezulu lokuswela umsebenzi, ububha, ukukhulelwa okungahleliwe nokunaka ezombusazwe.
Ngokwenqubomgomo akungabazeki ukuthi iNingizimu Afrika yakha isimo ukuze intsha ikwazi ukubamba khona iqhaza ekwakhiweni kwenqubomgomo. Ngenxa yalokhu uHlaka Lwenqubomgomo Lwentsha Kuzwelonke lwezi-2002 kuya kowezi-2007 lwasungulwa. Yize lwalungacineleli. Inqubomgomo yabela imigomo nezinhloso, yahlonza ukungenelela okuyiqhingasu eminyangweni kazwelonke nakomasipala bendawo.
Ngalesi sikhathi kusuka ngowe-1994 kuya kowezi-2007, imiqulu emihlanu esemqoka yayibalulekile njengoba yayinikeza isiqinisekiso sokubandakanyeka kwentsha noma komphakathi ezingeni lendawo. Le miqulu yile; uMthetho WoMthethosisekelo WaseNingizimu Afrika uNombolo 108 we-1996, uMthethosivivinywa WoHulumeni Bendawo we-1998, uMthetho Wezakhiwo Zomasipala we-1998, uMthetho Wezinhlelo Zomasipala wezi2000 kanye neNqubomgomo Yentsha Kuzwelonke yezi-2000.
ISahluko 7 iSigaba 152 soMthethosisekelo sithi; ezinye zezinhloso zoHulumeni Bendawo ukugqugquzela intsha ukuba izibandakanye nemiphakathi nezinhlangano zemiphakathi kulokho okuthinta oHulumeni Bendawo. UMthethosivivinywa uthi omasipala kufanele basebenzisane nazo zonke izinhlaka zomphakathi ukwakha umbono owodwa ukuze kube nezinhloso ezifanayo zentuthuko. UMthetho Wezakhiwo Zomasipala we-1998, iSigaba 19(2) uthi omasipala njalo ngonyaka kufanele babuyekeze okuseqhulwini nenqubo kokuthinta imiphakathi. UMthetho Wezinhlelo Zomasipala wezi-2000 iSahluko 3 wona ukhuthaza omasipala ukuba bathuthukise ‘isiko lokubusa ngokubambisana futhi ngalokhu ugqugquzele ubuye wenze isimo sezakhamuzi, semiphakathi nabanentshisekelo kumasipala ukuba bazibandakanye ezindabeni zendawo
INqubomgomo Yentsha Kuzwelonke yezi-2000 ibona oHulumeni Bendawo njengomlingani obalulekile ekuthuthukiseni intsha. Le nqubomgomo igqugquzela omasipala bendawo ukuba bakhe izindlela zokusebenza zezinsizakalo nezinto zokusizakala zentsha kanye nokuhlonza izidingo namathuba okuthuthuka kwentsha. Ibeka okuningi komasipala abangabamba iqhaza kukho ekuthuthukiseni izindawo ezilawulwa wumasipala kufaka nokwakha izizinda zentuthuko komasipala ngokuba namakomiti amile ezindaba zentsha ukuze kuvukuze umkhandlu ngokuthinta intsha.
Okwesibili, ukwakha izindlela eziqonde entsheni jikelele ikakhulukazi leyo encisheke amathuba.
Okwesithathu ukukhuthaza izinhlangano zentsha ezinhlelweni zentuthuko zingene ekuthuthukeni koHulumeni Bendawo. Okokugcina ukuhlonza izidingo zokuletha izinsizakalo zokuthuthukisa intsha ngokubambisana nabanentshisekelo abasemqoka njengeminye iminxa kaHulumeni, izinhlangano zentsha abezimboni kanye nabaxhasi
Ngale KoSuku Lwentsha
Kunokuvumelana kokuthi ngale kokubungaza uSuku Lwentsha mhla zili-16 kuNhlangulana, intsha yaseNingizimu Afrika inezinselelo eziningi ngale kwalolu suku oluwumlando nolubalulekile ekuqoshweni komlando eNingizimu Afrika. Njengamanje izwe lineNqubomgomo Yentsha Kuzwelonke yezi-2020 (NYP).
INYP 2020 yakhela phezu kweyokuqala yangowezi-2009 kuya kowezi-2014. Ithuthuka phezu, futhi yengeze enqubenimgomo edlule kubhekiswe kulokho okubhekiswe ezinselelweni ezintsha zentsha yaseNingizimu Afrika zibe zibona izidingo okudinga ukuba zikwazi ukubhekana nezinselelo ezihlonzwe yiNYP eyedlule.
Inqubomgomo isuselwa kuMthethosisekelo WaseNingizimu Afrika, oHlelweni Lokwenza Lwentsha Lomhlaba LweNhlangano Yezizwe konyaka wezi-2000 nangale, iSivumelwano Sentsha Yase-Afrika, uHlelo Lwentuthuko Lukazwelonke lwezi-2012 (NDP) (2012). INDP igxile embonweni woMthethosisekelo wokuthuthuka,wedemokhrasi. Ingabandlululi ngobulili, ongakhethi bala kanye nokulingana komphakathi.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi ngokusebenzisa iNYP, iNhlangano YoHulumeni Bendawo BaseNingizimu Afrika iSouth African Local Government Association (SALGA), kusetshenziswa iYDP, lugxile kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni intsha. IYDP yeSALGA ihlinzeka lapho omasipala bezokwazi ukubhekana khona nezindaba zentsha ezinhlanu, okuyilezi:
Ukuzibandakanya nezinguquko zezomnotho
Ezemfundo namathuba okuphinda Unakekelo lwempilo nokulwa nezidakamizwa
Ukubumba isizwe nokuhlalisana ngokuzwana
Intuthuko yentsha esebenza kahle futhi ekwazi ukuhambisana nezikhathi
UMqondisi weYDP yakwaSALGA, uMnu uMandu Mallane wachaza wathi, yize sekube nokungenelela ekuthuthukisweni kwentsha kule minyaka engama-20 imiphumela elindelekile ayikatholakali ikakhulukazi uma kuziwa ekutholakaleni kwemisebenzi entsheni.
“Ukubhekana nala mazinga okungasebenzi, ikakhulukazi entsheni, kudingeka izindlela ezinqala,” kusho uMallane.
“Njengombuso okhulayo, uHulumeni kufanele uhambe phambili ukwakha isimo esizosiza ekuthuthukeni kwentsha ngokusebenzisa inqubomgomo nemithetho, usebenzise izinhlelo ezibhekiswe ngqo ekuthuthukisweni kwentsha kuvukuzwe abezimboni ukuba babambe iqhaza ekuthuthukisweni kwentsha futhi uqinisekise ukulawulwa nokuhlolwa kwakho konke okwenzeka entuthukweni yentsha.”
Ngesikhathi seNgqungquthela Kazwelonke yeSALGA yesi-5 kwathathwa lezi zinqumo ngentsha koHulumeni Bendawo:
Ukwakhiwa kweNtsha kaSALGA. Ukwakhiwa kwambhizinisi entsha kubo bonke omasipala.
Ukuhlinzeka izindlela zokuthuthukisa intsha kuwo wonke amazinga.
Ukutholakala kokwesekwa ngqo kokwenziwa yintsha.
Ukwakha izigcawu zokuxoxisana zentsha.
Ukuba nendlela edidiyelayo yokuthinta izindaba zentsha.
Ukwengeza kuNYP, iSALGA ibilokhu iseqhulwini ekuthukisweni kweQhingasu Lentuthuko Yentsha Edidiyelwe lezi-2020 i-Integrated Youth Development Strategy (IYDS).