Inselelo yobuholi ezakhiweni zentsha kulesi sikhathi
Eminyakeni yaphambilini ikakhulukazi ngowe-1940 ukuba ngumholi kwakubiza ukubhekana nenselelo yokuboshwa isikhathi eside njengoMnu uNelson Mandela owagwetshwa ukudikelwa ijele ngowe-1964, owahlala ejele waze wakhululwa ngowe-1990.
Abaholi abafana noMnu uSolomon Mahlangu, uMnu uChris Hani, uMnu uSteven Bantu Biko noMnu uRobert Sobukwe banikela ngegazi labo ukuze kutholakale inkululeko eNingizimu Afrika. Ukuhamba egodini lethunzi lokufa okwakubhekene nabaholi, ikakhulukazi abezombusazwe eminyakeni kulwelwa inkululeko, kwaphenduka indlela yempilo. Kwakubiza ukuzinikela okwakusezingeni eliphakeme.
Nangowe-1976, abaholi abafana noMbuyisa Makhubo, banyamalala, oHector Peterson basala enkundleni bebancane ngenxa yendlela yemigomo ababekholelwa kuyo. Ukuzinikela kwakwandile emzabalazweni wokulwela inkululeko, okwaholela ekufeni kwabaholi bentsha bebulawa amaphoyisa namasotsha obandlululo kanye nodlame lwezombusazwe olwalubhidlangile ngezikhathi zangowe-1980 kuya kowe1990. Siphinde sakubona ukuzinikela nakubafundi bangowe-1976, okwakuthi noma befa bathi uyadela wena osulapho. Lokhu kwakusho ukuzinikela okwakudlulele. Nangowezi-2015 emanyuvesi aseNingizimu Afrika kuye kwabonakala umoya wokuzinikela lapho abafundi belwela imfundo yamahhala futhi engagqugquzelwa izimfundiso zasentshonalanga.
OwayenguMengameli uJacob Zuma, wamemezela ukusatshalaliswa kwemfundo yamahhala kulabo bafundi abadla imbuya ngothi ngoZibandlela wezi-2017. Emkhankasweni wokulwa nobandlululo olubhekiswe kwabamnyama e-USA, sibona kona futhi ukuzinikela okuseqophelweni eliphakeme, uma abantu bedela imigomo evimbela ukuhlangana kwabaningi ukuvimbela ukhuvethe olukhungethe umhlaba wonke.
Ubuholi obuqotho nobuqhakambisa amakhono
Iminyaka emva sekuzuzwe inkululeko, inselelo iphenduke yaba ukuqoka abaholi abanamakhono ababezongena ekuholeni izinhlangano zentsha. Ngezikhathi zowe-1940 nangowe-1960 kwabonakala abaningi abaholi bentsha ababengabameli, othisha, osonhlalakahle, abahlengikazi kanye nosomnotho neminye imikhakha.
Iningi labo labe lizidela futhi lizimisele nokulahlekelwa ngenxa yababekholelwa kuko. Noma sekusungulwa uHulumeni wentando yeningi, amakhono nokuba neziqu kwakuba umgomo owawulandelwa uma kuqokwa iziphathimandla. Izinselelo ezintsha zazisho ukuthi kufanele kulumbaniswe amakhono kanye nobuholi obuqotho.
Abaholi abakwazi ukuphakamisa imimoya yalabo abalwela inkululeko noma idingeka ngesikhathi sokhetho, kwasekudingeka ukuthi ilumbaniswe namakhono uma kusungulwa iKhomishini Yentsha ngowe-1996.
UMengameli uMandela kwabiza ukuthi abheke ikhono uma eqoka uHlengiwe Bhengu njengoSihlalo wokuqala weKhomishini Yentsha kanye nabo bonke okhomishana ayezosebenza nabo. Nezakhiwo ezifana noMsobomvu Youth Fund, eyayinganyelwe uMalose Kekana, abaphathi bentsha komasipala abahlukene nezinye izakhiwo kwakubiza ukuthi babe namakhono okwengamela izabelomali abanikwe zona, babike ngomsebenzi abawenzayo.
Nezakhiwo ezifana noMkhandlu Wentsha owawusungulwe ukuthi uzimele, nawo wawufanele ulumbanise ukuba nekhono kanye nokuzinikela. Inselelo enkulu eyayikhungethe ubuholi bentsha uma kungena umbuso wentando yeningi, ukunikeza ubuholi obufana noSobukwe, uMandela, uSisulu, uBiko nabanye phambili ababenokuzinikela futhi benamakhono.
Abaholi bentsha kwakufanele baqhubeke nokunikeza umhlahlandlela nombono osabalele ezinselelweni ezifana nokunqaba kwamathuba omsebenzi, inkululeko yezomnotho, ukubuyiselwa komhlaba kubantu boHlanga, ukubhekana nengculazi nesandulela sayo, ukusatshalaliswa kwemfundo ephakeme namakhono kulabo ababengawatholi amathuba phambilini.
Enye yezinselelo ebhekana nabaholi bentsha ikakhulukazi leyo esembusazweni, ukuqhubeka nokuhlahla indlela kuzinselelo zesikhathi njengoba kwakwenza intsha kaKhongolose elokhu yasungulwa ngowe-1944, iyona eyayisekhaleni lokuthi iyiphi imigomo okufanelwe ilandelwe iqembu. Uma sekusungulwa umbuso wentando yeningi, lo mdlandla wangowe-1945 uya ngokuya ushabalala ngenxa yezimo ezahlukile osekusetshenzwa ngazo.
Ngowezi-2011 nangowezi-2014 sibone kusungulwa amaqembu afana neNational Freedom Party ne-Economic Freedom Fighters asungulwe abakade behola intsha emaqenjini amakhulu, ngenxa yokuguquka kwendlela yokwenza engasafani neminyaka yaphambilini lapho abasophikweni lwentsha babephambana nabaholi kungabi ndabazalutho.
Isibonelo, abaholi abanjengoMandela babenemibono engafani nekaMnu uJames Moroka, bagqugquzela ukuthi akhishwe esikhundleni sakhe kufakwe iNkosi u-Albert Luthuli ngempumelelo.
Phambilini abaholi abafana noSobukwe nabanye, kwabiza ukuthi baphume kuKhongolose basungule iPAC ngowe-1958 uma bengaboni ngasolinye ngokuthi abamhlophe bangaba yini amalungu kaKhongolose futhi nokubakhona kwesigaba Emqulwini Wenkululeko wangowe-1955 othi, “iNingizimu Afrika ingeyabo bonke, abamhlophe nabamnyama” esingehlanga kahle kubo.
Abaholi bentsha emaqenjini amakhulu anjenge-ANC ne-IFP abanjengoMnu uJulius Malema noNkk uZanele KaMagwaza Msibi, baqoma ukusungula amanye amaqembu, uma imibono yabo ingalalelwa ngaphakathi futhi izinguquko ababeziphokophelele zingafezeki.
Imfundo yamahhala, inkululeko yezomnotho, ukubuyiselwa komhlaba kwaboHlanga, ukuphathwa kwezimayini uHulumeni, izinselelo ezingezintsha ukuba ziqhakanjiswe kanjalo nokuthathwa komhlaba ngaphandle kwesinxephezelo inselelo esukela kudala, okusha ukusungulwa kwamaqembu agxila ekugqugquzeleni lokhu uma kuqhathaniswa nokunye.
Ukuzigqaja ngokuba umuntu omnyama nangobu-Afrika nayo inselelo yakudala, ehleze ivuselelwa kabusha uma kuguquka izimo ezithize. Abafundi bezikhungo zemfundo ephakeme bavuselela imibono kaBiko noSobukwe uma bethi imfundo ayinganciki kokwasentshonalanga kodwa igqugquzele ulwazi lwendabuko nokuthi iveze isithombe esihle ngenzikamqondo yaboHlanga okungafanele ithathwe njengobuqaba.
Zonke lezi zinselelo zidinga ubuholi obucaphuna ezimfundisweni zokulwela inkululeko, amakhono kanye nobuqotho ikakhulukazi entsheni.
UDokotela Simphiwe Nojiyeza, Inhloko Yomnyango we Anthropology neDevelopment Studies e-University of Zululand