Intsha ibhekana nezingqinamba ezidunga impilo yayo
ENingizimu Afrika ukukhulelwa kwentsha, izifo namahabulo ngezinye zezimbangela zokungaqedi kwayo isikole nokufa. Intsha ibhekana nezingqinamba ezidunga impilo yayo
Ukuhambisana nomongo weNyanga Yentsha sizobalula izinkinga zezempilo ezimbalwa intsha yaseNingizimu Afrika ebhekene nazo kuleli.
Izinkinga zezempilo ezihamba phambili entsheni eneminyaka yobudala ephakathi kweli-10 neli-19 ihlanganisa lokhu:
Ukukhulelwa kwentsha nokuzalwa kwengane. Lokhu akuyona inkinga ngakwezempilo kuphela kepha kunemiphumela emibi emnothweni nasemphakathini.
Kunamathuba amaningi okuthi omama abasebancane bahlangabezane nezinkinga zokukhulelwa kanti lokhu kunomthelela kumama obelethayo nasekufeni kwezingane ezizalwayo.
Izinkinga zokukhulelwa nokubeletha yimbangela yesibili ekufeni kwamantombazane aneminyaka yobudala esuka kweli-15 kuya kweli-19.
Izingane ezizalwa omama abaneminyaka yobudala ephakathi kweli-15 neli-19 zinamathuba amaningi okushona noma zibhekane nezinkinga zempilo uma ziqhathaniswa nalezo ezizalwa ngabesifazane asebekhule ngokwanele.
Maningi amathuba okuba intsha ichithekelwe yizisu noma ingenwe yizifo eziphathelene nokubeletha njengekukhuphuka komfutho wegazi, izinkinga ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa, ukubeletha ingane isishonile noma ishone isanda kuzalwa.
Izibalo eziphezulu zokukhulelwa kwentsha eneminyaka ephakathi kweli-15 neli-19 emhlabeni zikhonjwa esifundeni iSub Saharan Africa.
Kuthiwa kulesi sifunda emantombazaneni ayi-1000 kunali-143 akhulelwe.
Uma lokhu kuqhathaniswa nokwamazwe asethuthukile njenge-USA lapho amantombazana ayi-1 000 ali-17.4 akhulelwe, lokhu kukhomba isimo esibi esibhekene naso njengezwe.
Ngaphandle kwezibalo ezincane e-USA kodwa leliya lizwe laziwa ngokuba nesibalo esiphezulu sentsha ekhulelwayo.
NgokweSouth Africa Demographic and Health Survey yangowezi-2016, eNingizimu Afrika ibingama-71 kweyi-1000 intsha ekhulelwayo.
Kucatshangelwa ukuthi izimo zenhlalo ezifana nokungabi nemfundo kwentsha nokungabikho kwemali engenayo emindenini yayo ziyimbangela yalesi sibalo esiphezulu sokukhulelwa kwentsha.
Ukukhulelwa nokuzala kwentsha futhi kuyimbangela yokwanda kwesibalo samantombazane ayeka isikole.
Kuthiwa bangamaphesenti angama-40 kuya kwangama-50 omama abasebancane abaqeda isikole okuncane kunalawo angakhulelwa esafunda.
Ukugwema ukukhulelwa kwentsha kubaluleke kakhulu.
Lezi zindlela ezilandelayo zingasetshenziswa ukunciphisa ukukhulelwa kwentsha:
Ukufundisa kabanzi ngocasi ezikoleni nangaphandle kubonakele ukuthi kuyasebenza futhi kufanele kwenziwe kuwo amantombazane kanye nabafana.
Ukugcina amantombazane ezikoleni nakho sekukhombisile ukuba yindlela esebenzayo yokunciphisa ukukhulelwa kwentsha.
Ukutholakala kalula kwezivikeli ezifana namakhondomu noma izinto zokuhlela umndeni ezigwinywayo okanye ezishuthekwayo.
Izinhlelo zokukhuliswa kwentsha emiphakathini ukugqugquzela izingxoxo ezakhayo ngocansi entsheni zingasiza.
Ubukhona kwezinsiza ezihambisana nentsha kukhombisile ukuthi kuyayigqugquzela ukusebenzisa izinhlelo ezihlinzekiwe zokuhlela umndeni.
Ingculaza
Abesifazane bayingxenye yabantu abayizigidi ezingama-37 abahaqwe yingculaza futhi banephesenti elingalingani labantu abasanda kutheleleka abaneminyaka yobudala engaphezu kweli-15.
Lokhu kubi kwabesifazane eNingizimu Afrika lapho amaphesenti angama-60 abantu abadala abathelelekayo kwenzeka kwabesifazane abasengakhulelwa.
Amazinga engculaza entsheni yabesifazane acishe aphindeke kane kwawabesilisa abasebasha.
Ngowezi-2018, intsha yabesifazane abaphakathi kweminyaka yobudala eli-10 neli-19 eyizi-33 000 itheleleke ngengculaza uma iqhathaniswa neyabesilisa eyizi-4 200.
Lokhu kulingana nabantu abangama-90 bentsha yabesifazane etheleleka usuku nosuku nentsha yabesilisa eli-11.
Lezi zinombolo ziphezulu ngokungemukelekile lapho ziningi izindlela ezikhona ukugwema ukusabalala kwengculaza.
Ubuhlobo obuphakathi kwamantombazane asemancane nabesilisa asebekhulile ngenye yezinto ezinomthelela ukwandisa lesi sifo entsheni.
Sidinga ukuhlangana njengomphakathi sithole izindlela zokuvikela intsha yethu engamantombazane.
Izinhlelo zengculaza ziyindlela yokungenelela okuhloswe ngayo ukuvimba ukubhebhetheka kwaleli gciwane kanti zijwayele ukuba yingxubevange yesayensi ephatha impilo neyokwelapha (biomedical) nokuziphatha kwabantu.
Ukuziphatha kwabantu kufaka ukuzithiba ocansini, ukusebenzisa njalo ikhondomu, ukuhlinzeka ngolwazi (ukufundisa ngezocansi kanye nezindawo ezihlinzeka ngosizo) ezikoleni kusetshenziswa izinkundla zokuxhumana, izinhlelo zokuqedwa kokucwaswa kwasebethelelekile, izindlela eziphephile zokuncelisa, ukungasebenzisi umjovo owodwa kwasebedla imishanguzo nokunye.
Isayensi ephatha impilo neyokwelapha ifaka ukusetshenziswa, ukwelulekwa, ukudla amaphilisi ukugwema ukutheleleka, ukusokwa kwabesilisa, ukuhlolelwa nokwelashelwa ingculaza, ukuhlolelwa nokwelashelwa izifo ezithelelana ngokocansi.
Ukukhuluphala ngokweqile
Lesi yisifo lapho amafutha enqwabelana ngendlela yokuthi kungaba nomthelela omubi empilweni yomuntu.
Umuntu uba nokukhuluphala okweqile uma iinkombasisindo somzimba wakhe (Body Mass Index) ingama-30 noma ngaphezulu.
Umuntu onenkombasisindo eli18.5 kuyaphansi unciphe ngokweqile, eli-18.5/24.9 kujwayelekile, engama-25.0/29.9 uzimuke ngokweqile, engama-30.0/34.9 usesigabeni sokuqala sokukhuluphala ngokweqile, engama-35.0/39.9 isigaba sesibili sokukhuluphala ngokweqile, engama-40.0 isigaba sesithathu sokukhuluphala ngokweqile.
Ukwanda kwalesi simo kuleli kuyakhathaza njengoba kunabesifazane abangama-68% nabesilisa abangama-31 abakhuluphele ngokweqile.
Owesifazane oyedwa kwabahlanu uzimuke ngokweqile.
Nakuba isibalo sabakhuluphele ngokweqile entsheni singekho phezulu kodwa indlela okuyiyo kwabakulesi sigaba ngokweminyaka yobudala kuyakhathaza njengoba kubukeka kuba kubi.
Ukukhuluphala ngokweqile kubi kakhulu ngoba kwenyusa ubungozi empilweni njengokungenwa yisifo sikashukela, izifo ezihambisana nenhliziyo ngenxa yomfutho wegazi ophezulu, amafutha amaningi, ukungakwazi ukuphefumula kahle, ezinye izinhlobo zomdlavuza, isifo samathambo nezinkinga zengqondo njengokukhathazeka, ukwehlelwa ukuzethemba okungaholela kungcindezi emphefumulweni.
Izinto ezaziwayo ukuthi ziyimbangela yokukhuluphala ngokweqile zihlanganisa ukungazivocavoci, ukudla ukudla okunamafutha amaningi, ukungadli kakhulu ukudla okunempilo, ukusebenzisa imithi ethile nokungalali ngokwanele.
Ukunganyakazisi umzimba ngokwanele nokuchitha isikhathi esiningi ubuka ithelevishini noma ezinye izinto ezinjengomakhalekhukhwini kuholela ukukhuluphaleni ngokweqile.
Ukugwema ukukhuluphala ngokweqile kufanele kube ngokuphokophelelwe yibo bonke abazali bezingane kwazise kulula kunokukwelapha.
Isimo esiqhakambisa impilo enhle emphakathini, ezikoleni njalonjalo kubalulekile ekugwemeni ukukhuluphala ngokweqile.
Okungenziwa ukunciphisa ubungozi bokuzimuka ngokweqile
Ukudla ukudla okunempilo, ukugwema ukudla okunamafutha amaningi, iziphuzo ezihlohlozayo nokunye. Okungenani yidla kakhulu imifino nezithelo, ukolweni, nengxube yokudla okunamaphrotheni.
Ukuba nomzimba ophilile kwenza ube nesisindo esinempilo. Zijwayeze imidlalo enjengonobhutshuzwayo okungenani ihora njalo ngosuku nokuya ejimini.
Ziningi izindlela zokuzivocavoca ezweni ngakho mayigqugquzelwe intsha ukuba izisebenzise.
Utshwala nezidakamizwa
Ukuphuzwa kotshwalwa nokudliwa kwezidakamizwa sekuyinkinga enkulu entsheni. NgokweSouth African Demographic and Health Survey yangowezi-2016 (DHS 2016), abesilisa abayisi-6 kwabali-10 (61%) beminyaka eli-15 abakaze babuphuze utshwala kanti abane kwabali-10 (37%) sebeke babuphuza.
Ngokwalolu cwaningo, ukuphuza utshwala kuqala esigabeni lapho oyedwa entsheni engamantombazane eke wabuphuza eneminyaka yobudala eli-15 kuya kweli-19 kanti iphesenti lenyuka kakhulu liya ngaphezulu koyedwa kwabathathu beminyaka ephakathi kwengama-20 kuya kwengama-35 lehlele koyedwa kwabahlanu beminyaka yobudala engama-65. Ukuphuzwa kotshwala entsheni kuyakhathaza.
Lezi zinto ziletha umuzwa omnandi okwesikhashana okwenza ukuthi umuntu aphinde akwenze kugcine sekujwayeleka.
Kuba nomthelela omubi wesikhashana ofana nokupholisa izinhlungu, ukuphazamiseka kokusebenza kwengqondo okungaholela ezingozini nasengcupheni yokulimala.
Mikhulu imiphumela yotshwala njengoba kubonakala emphakathini futhi ibandakanya izinkinga ezimayelana nempilo nezomphakathi njengokushiya isikole, amacala ayamiswana notshwala nezidakamizwa athinta ukuhlukunyezwa kwabesifazane nezinkinga zomnotho ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kakhulu kwezibhedlela kwamukelwa abantu abalimale ngokugwazwa, ukudutshulwa nokunye.
Utshwala bungaphinde bube nomthelela omubi wesikhathi eside empilweni yomuntu njengokulimala kwesibindi nengqondo, umdlavuza (utshwala bungobesihlanu ezintweni ezidala umdlavuza).
Lokhu kwenzeka uma buphuzwa ngokweqile noma njalo. Ukuphuza kakhulu kungenza umuntu angazikhumbuli izinto noma ashone kwezinye izikhathi.
Lokhu kuyafana nakwezinye izidakamizwa ezinye zazo ezingaphazamisa inhliziyo ngqo futhi kungadala ukushaya kwenhliziyo ngendlela engajwayelekile kanti uma zidliwa ngokweqile kungaholela ekumeni kwenhliziyo nasekufeni.
Indlela engcono yokugwema ukuphuza utshwala nokudla izidakamizwa ukungaqali nhlobo ngoba oseke waqala akulula ukuthi ayeke ngoba kunzima.
Asakhe imiphakathi yezingane zethu nentsha yethu engenakho ukusetshenziswa kotshwala nezidakamizwa. Singakwazi ukukwenza lokhu ngokuthi sibumbane njengemiphakathi silwe nalesi sihlava esibeka engcupheni impilo yezingane zethu.
Likhona ikhambi lotshwala nezidakamizwa linemicikilisho futhi liye lidinge odokotela okubalwa nabelapha ngokwengqondo.
Ukuphazamiseka ngokwengqondo nokuzibulala olunye ubhubhane olukhahlameza izwe lethu.
Siyazibona zenyuka izibalo zabantu abazibulalayo ezweni lethu.
Utshwala bungaphinde bube nomthelela omubi wesikhathi eside empilweni yomuntu njengokulimala kwesibindi nengqondo, umdlavuza (utshwala bungobesihlanu ezintweni ezidala umdlavuza).