INkantolo yamazwe ayikhethi phela emasini igadla nase-USA
Ngowezi-2015 kwaqubuka iqubula lomlilo elisabhebhetheka nanamuhla mhlazane iNingizimu Afrika ithatha isinqumo sokuthi angeke inikele ngo wayengu Me n g ame l i waseSudan, uMnu Al-Bashir, ku-International Crimimal Court (ICC). Ngalowo nyaka, leli lizwe lazithola liyiqaqa kwabaningi abaligxeka ngokuthi alisalandeli inqubo eyaqalwa uMadiba yokugqamisa amalungelo abantu kwezobudlelwano namanye amazwe. Leli qubula lasingatha neBurundi mhlazane ilandela isiphakamiso se-African Union (AU) sokuthi amazwe ase-Afrika, uma efisa angahoxa ku-ICC, ngenxa yokuchema kwayo ngokugxila kakhulu ekuphenyeni awase-Afrika. Lezi zinyathelo zamazwe amabili ase-Afrika zingezinye ezadala ukuthi awase nyakatho, izinhlangano ezizimele ezithi zilwela amalungelo abantu na b amaphephandaba, bame ekutheni izwekazi aliyishayi ndiva eyokuhlonipha izinhlaka nezinhlangano ezimiselwe ukwakha ubulungiswa emhlabeni jikelele.
Sinesiqiniseko sokuthi laba esesibabalile bashaywe engeqiwa ntwala mhla zili-11 kwephezulu ngenkathi i-United States of America (USA) igadla kwephukela ku-ICC. UMengameli uDonald Trump usayine umthetho wokunswinya i-ICC kanye nabaholi bayo. Emehlweni kaTrump, ‘icala’ le-ICC nabaholi bayo ukuthi le nkundla isithathe isinqumo sokuqhubeka nokuphenya abase-USA okuthiwa bayasoleka ezenzweni zokuhlukumeza amalungelo abantu ezimpini zombango e-Afghanistan nase-Iraq. I-USA kubonakala sengathi iphinde yacanulwa ukuthi i-ICC, isiqale ukuphenya i-Israel ngezigameko zokuhlasela ePalestine okuthiwa ezinye zazo ziphambene nobulungiswa. UTrump usebenzise amandla obuMengameli awanikwa uMthethosiseleko wase-USA, wasayina isinqumo esingenakuphikiswa sokunswinya labo abayingxenye ye-ICC ababandanekayo ezinyathelweni zale Nkantolo zokuphenya i-USA. Edalula lesi sinqumo uTrump uthe izinyathelo ze-ICC “azejwayelekile neze futhi zibeka engcupheni ukuphepha kwezwe nenqubomgomo yezangaphandle yeUSA”. Ngakho-ke, lesi sinqumo sithi izisebenzi ze-ICC, imindeni nezi izihlobo zazo, ozakwabo nanoma ngubani onesandla ophenyweni lwabaloswa baseUSA ngabakwenza ezimpini zaseAfghanistan nezinye, angeke besakwazi ukungena noma ukuhambela e-USA. Siphinde sithi uma kukhona impahla nemali yabo egodlwe amabhange ase-USA, abasenamvume yokuthi bayisebenzise. Ngamafuphi, lesi sinqumo siphonsa inselelo kuICC, kukuyo ukuthi ifuna ukuqhubeka nophenyo kodwa olungeke luye ndawo noma iyahoxa ngoba isiqhwaga sesigadlile. Kuzo zonke izinqumo nezinyathelo esezike zathathwa amazwe ahlukene nge-ICC, asikho esedlula lesi. Okuxakayo ukuthi i-USA iyingxenye yamazwe angamalungu e-United Nations Security Council (UNSC) athatha isinqumo sokuthi oka-Al-Bashir ashushiswe kepha uma imikhonto isibhekiswe ngakuyo, sekugaya ngomunye umhlathi. Uma lokhu kungebona ubuxoki, asivumelane ukuthi akekho owaziyo ukuthi kanti ubuxoki buyini. Ake senabe ngokuthi kungani isinqumo esathathwa yiNingizimu Afrika sasingaphambene neze nenqubomgomo elawula i-ICC futhi kwakungesona esasikhombisa ukuthi leli lizwe aliyihlonipi le Nkantolo. I-ICC ilawulwa uhlu lomthetho obizwa ngeRome Statute, onezigaba ezahlukene ezichaza indlela le Nkantolo okumele isebenze ngayo kanye nemigudu okumele iyilandele uma yenza umsebenzi wayo, okungaba ukuphenya abasolwa noma ukubashushisa. Ukuze siveze ukuchema kwale Nkantolo, sizogxila kwezimbili kuphela. Esokuqala, iSigaba 98 esichaza kabanzi ngezinyathelo nokucophelela i-ICC okumele ikwenze uma iphethe udaba olufaka umsolwa onamalungelo athize, okufana nongumengameli wezwe. Ingxenye yalesi Sigaba 98 (1) ithi: “INkantolo angeke ikwazi ukuqhubeka nokufaka isicelo sosizo lokuthi ilungu le-ICC linikezele ngomsolwa obuya kwelinye izwe, uma lelo lizwe elicelwayo lizobe liphula izibopho nemigomo emisiwe ngaphansi komthetho wamazwe omhlaba, ngaphandle uma iNkantolo isithole imvume noma ibambisene nezwe umsolwa asuka kulo.” Ngamanye amazwi, nalapho akusho thina kusho wona uMthetho olawula ukusebenza kwe-ICC, iRome Statute, ngaphambi kokuba le Nkantolo ithathe isinqumo ‘sokuhlambalaza’ iNingizimu Afrika ngokuthi ayibophe u-Al-Bashir, kwakumele kube yiyo eqala eSudan kwelika Al-Bashir nalapho kwakumele ithole imvume yokuthi iNingizimu Afrika ingawephula umthetho okhona wamazwe mayelana nokuhlonishwa komengameli ngokuthi imunikele ku-ICC. Le Nkantolo ayikwenzanga lokho ngakho-ke, kwaxaka ukuthi lo mlilo owaqubukela iNingizimu Afrika wawungabhekiswa ngani kule Nkantolo ngoba yiyo eyehluleka ukulandela imgomo yayo. IRome Statute iphinde ibe neSigaba 97 esithi: “Ilungu le-ICC, linemvume yokufaka isicelo sokubonisana ne-ICC uma libona ukuthi isicelo seNkantolo sokuthi sibophe umsolwa wakwelinye izwe futhi onamalungelo athize ngaphansi komthetho wamazwe omhlaba, angeke likwazi ukusifeza.” Ubuhlakani bokufaka lesi Sigaba kuRome Statute busukela olwazini lokuthi kukhona imicikilisho nemithetho ethize kubudlelwano bamazwe elawula ukuthi labo abangomengameli kumele baphathwe kanjani uma behambele amanye amazwe. Lapha kungabalwa uhlu lwemithetho elibizwa ngeVienna Convention on Diplomatic Immunity yowe-1961. Ngolwazi esinalo lesi sicelo safakwa yiNingizimu Afrika ngaphambi kokuba u-Al-Bashir ahambele leli lizwe ngowezi-2015 kodwa sashaywa ndiva. Noma i-ICC yehluleka ukuthi ibonisane neNingizimu Afrika leli lizwe alizange lithathe isinqumo sokuhlambalaza le Nkantolo njengoba i-USA seyenzile kepha asiboni mlilo uqubukela elase-USA njengoba kwenzeka kwelaseNingizimu Afrika.
Okwenziwe uTrump kumele kube yisifundo kulabo abasheshe bagxeke izinqumo ezithathwa amazwe ase-Afrika ukuthi ngesinye isikhathi azenziwa ngoba ingekho intshisekelo yokuvikiela amalungelo abantu. Kepha zike zithathwe ngoba kwaziwa ukuthi yipolitiki, hhayi ubulungiswa, ehamba phambili kweyobudlelwano kumazwe omhlaba. Lesi sinqumo se-USA siphinde sivuselele ukubaluleka kokulwela ukuguqula indlela izinhlangano ezifana ne-United Nations (UN) nezinhlaka zayo ezisebenza ngayo. Ngoba, noma ngabe i-USA isithathe isinqumo esifana nalesi, isanawo amandla ngaphansi kwe-UNSC okwenza izinqumo ezithinta amanye amazwe kodwa ibe ishaya phansi ngonyawo ukuthi alikho izwe noma izinhlaka ze-UN eyozivumela ukuthi zinqumele noma zigxambukele kweziphatha i-USA.
UMnu uSenzo Ngubane, unguGeneral Manager: Operations, e-ACCORD, okuyinhlangano ezimele esebenza ucwaningo lokudala uxolo ezwenikazi iAfrika.