Spotify’s chief legal officer turns his attention to Apple
• For the past five years Gutierrez has led the streaming company’s fight against the tech giant
Horacio Gutierrez made his name in US corporate law two decades ago defending Microsoft against charges of anticompetitive behaviour in the first major antitrust case of the internet age.
As the tech industry is once again dominated by talk of monopolies, Gutierrez, now Spotify Technology’s chief legal officer, has switched sides. For the past five years he has led Spotify’s campaign against Apple, one of a series of antitrust actions with the potential to make an even greater impact than the Microsoft litigation.
While the shift in public opinion about the tech industry in recent years has been stunning by any measure, the change in the perception of Apple may be the most improbable.
When Gutierrez started accusing the company of anticompetitive behaviour in 2016, many public officials had already begun to look with suspicion at Facebook and Alphabet’s Google, with their business models based on amassing personal data and their troubling impacts on US politics.
Apple was far less controversial. Policymakers associated the company with Steve Jobs, one of America’s greatest entrepreneurs; with the explosion of convenient smartphone apps; and with the comforting buzz of the phones in their pockets. “You had to overcome a certain amount of deference regulators had,” Gutierrez says. “So many people I was talking to were using Apple products and admired the company.”
Gutierrez has been instrumental in chipping away at that admiration. His criticism of Apple starts with its mobile App Store, a business it invented and still dominates. App developers such as Spotify and Epic Games claim Apple has abused its power by requiring them to pay a 30% fee for transactions within its App Store and within apps themselves — and by prohibiting them from offering customers other ways to pay.
Gutierrez says he does not think Apple has helped itself with a defence based on rejecting criticism outright, a stance that reminds him of Microsoft’s early response to its antitrust troubles.
A growing number of governments, other tech companies, and regulators have become receptive to Gutierrez’s arguments.
In June 2020, the European Commission responded to Spotify’s complaints about Apple by opening an antitrust investigation, and there are signs it is leaning against Apple. Two months later the video game maker Epic sued Apple.
US policymakers are considering sweeping antitrust legislation that could significantly affect large tech companies, and on July 9 President Joe Biden signed an executive order on competition that included a policy of focusing on tech companies in antitrust enforcement. France, Germany, Japan, the Netherlands, and the UK are all probing the company as well.
On July 7 dozens of US state attorneys-general filed an antitrust lawsuit against Google for similar practices in the Google Play store. Gutierrez says Spotify also plans to pursue a campaign against Google that mirrors the one it is waging against Apple if it follows through with its Play Store policy changes.
He is increasingly optimistic that governments will take significant action to address his app store critiques.
“All of these things that may be loosely connected today point to a new set of competition rules that will apply to these gatekeeper platforms on a global basis in the long term,” he says. “What we perceive is the genuine desire to do something, and something that will be effective.”
Apple says the App Store has helped Spotify become the largest music subscription service in the world, that most users of Spotify’s app use the free version and so pay nothing to either company, and that Spotify now pays a commission of only 15% on those subscriptions that did come through Apple devices.
“They want all the benefits of the App Store but don’t think they should have to pay anything for that,” an Apple spokesperson said in a statement. Google declined to comment.
MICROSOFT ROLE
Gutierrez joined Microsoft in 1998 after graduating from the University of Miami’s law school — it was his fourth law degree — and started off as its lead counsel for Latin America and the Caribbean. He impressed his bosses enough to get dispatched to Europe to serve as the top lawyer defending Microsoft before the European Commission, which had accused the company of anticompetitive behaviour for integrating its internet Explorer browser with its Windows operating system, making it harder for competing browsers.
“We were there in the darkest hour for Microsoft in Brussels,” says John Kelly, who at the time oversaw Microsoft’s corporate affairs in Europe. “We were the symbol for many people of the big arrogant monopolists.” Though Microsoft would lose the case, Gutierrez gained an understanding of antitrust law in Europe, honed his strategic thinking, and cultivated relationships with some of its top legislators.
Spotify hired Gutierrez away from Microsoft in 2016. The idea was not specifically to go after Apple, says Barry McCarthy, a board member who was then CFO, but the iPhone maker had already started to make the music service’s life very difficult. CEO Tim Cook wanted to make more money from apps that relied on Apple devices to reach their customers. Apple had long taken a commission on apps that charged an initial download fee, but there was a period starting in 2014 when Spotify also used Apple’s in-app purchase system, which required it to give Apple a cut of the recurring revenue it made when customers subscribed through its app.
Subscriptions account for about 90% of Spotify’s sales, and it was not even close to turning a profit, even without Apple taking that cut. But if Spotify did not allow in-app payments, Apple’s rules forbade Spotify from asking its customers inside the app to sign up through its website, where the company would not have to pay Apple a commission.
In 2015, Apple unveiled Apple Music, a direct competitor to Spotify that came at the same price. Apple did not have to worry about the cost of App Store commissions.
By this time, Gutierrez knew most of the major lawyers in Silicon Valley. Soon after taking the Spotify job, he flew to Cupertino, California, to meet with Apple’s general counsel, Bruce Sewell. The companies failed to find a compromise, and Apple threatened to kick Spotify off the App Store and withheld approval for updates that patched up security vulnerabilities.
With the blessing of CEO Daniel Ek, Gutierrez took the lead in developing and executing Spotify’s counterpunch. He began gauging the willingness of regulators in the US and Brussels to pursue an antitrust case. Gutierrez saw Europe as a better bet, given the relative dormancy of antitrust enforcement in the US. It did not hurt that Spotify was a European company and Ek one of the continent’s most successful entrepreneurs.
FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Apple insisted that Spotify was asking for new rules. But Gutierrez argued that Apple had only tightened the screws when it started dominating the market. Spotify shared confidential financial information with officials to show how Apple’s policies affected its profitability and the rate of subscription growth.
Gutierrez bided his time until he thought European officials would be receptive. In 2019 he filed a complaint, and the European Commission responded by opening an antitrust investigation. In April the commission sent Apple a statement of objections, laying out evidence of what it saw as the company’s abuse of power, a signal it is likely to take action against the company.
“The commission’s argument on Spotify’s behalf is the opposite of fair competition,” said the Apple spokesperson in a statement.
As confident as Gutierrez feels about Spotify’s own litigation, he now says the best chance for reforming the tech industry is through new laws. To push for policy changes, Spotify has rallied other developers into a group called the Coalition for App Fairness, which includes dating-app developer Match Group and the consumer-electronics company Tile. In its US lawsuit, coalition member Epic Games unearthed internal documents that could be damaging to Apple even if it loses.
Gutierrez is careful to distance himself from Epic’s litigation, because he sees the coalition as an advocacy group rather than a legal defence fund, but he says he is unconvinced by Apple’s claims that it does not know how much money the App Store generates. “This is not like the budget for printer toner,” he says. “This is a multibilliondollar business.”
The chances of new regulations or laws in the US look better than ever. In April, Gutierrez appeared before a Senate panel to press his case. At the same time, he has been a chief advocate in Europe for a bill that would impose new restrictions on five of the world’s biggest technology companies.
The landscape looks a lot different than it did when Gutierrez first began talking about Apple. His actions “have spawned a lot of the other Apple-related activity across the globe”, says Thomas Vinje, who has worked with Gutierrez on antitrust issues in Europe. “It’ sa
snowball Spotify got rolling.”
SO MANY PEOPLE I WAS TALKING TO WERE USING APPLE PRODUCTS AND ADMIRED THE COMPANY
Horacio Gutierrez Spotifiy’s lawyer
WE WERE THERE IN THE DARKEST HOUR FOR MICROSOFT. WE WERE THE SYMBOL FOR MANY PEOPLE OF THE BIG ARROGANT MONOPOLISTS
John Kelly Former Microsoft executive