US airline pilot shortage drives huge pay hikes

Delta Air Lines has offered a 34% cumulative pay increase to its pilots over three years in a new contract, in a deal expected to become a benchmark for negotiations at rivals United Airlines and American Airlines.

But the proposed Delta contract is unlikely to set a global precedent of inflation-beating pay rises for pilots, analysts say, because of factors unique to the US market.

US domestic aviation has rebounded to prepandemic levels far more quickly than markets in other parts of the world, according to data from airline industry group IATA.

US domestic demand was only 0.8% lower than 2019 levels in October, while globally, domestic travel demand was 22.1% lower. In September, US domestic demand was 0.8% higher than in 2019.

For international travel, North American demand in October was 10% lower than in 2019, compared with a 17.6% decline in Europe and a 56.6% fall in the Asia-Pacific region at a time when China, once the world’s biggest outbound travel market, remains effectively closed.

The US rebound is a major turnaround from 2020 when thousands of pilots, including 1,800 at Delta, retired early at the encouragement of airlines after Covid-19 led to a plunge in demand.

The steep pay rise on offer to Delta pilots follows a series of large increases at US regional airlines that serve as feeders to major carriers.

Uniquely among world markets, the US requires pilots even at regional airlines to have a minimum of 1,500 hours of flying experience. The rule was put in place after a deadly Colgan Air crash in 2009.

In other parts of the world, major carriers such as Lufthansa and easyJet offer training programmes that do not require any prior experience and allow joiners to fly as a co-pilot upon completion.

In the US, gaining a commercial pilot licence can cost more than $70,000, to be followed by the requirement to build up 1,500 hours working in a relatively low-paid job such as flight school instructor before joining even a regional airline.

In September the US Federal Aviation Administration denied a request by regional airline Republic Airways to halve the minimum hours needed to 750 hours.

Faced with growing shortages of entry-level pilots and rapid attrition of more experienced ones to major airlines, US regional carriers have lifted pay rapidly.

For example, Piedmont Airlines said in June it would nearly double first-year pay to captains and first officers to $146 an hour and $90 an hour respectively.

The increases put pressure on major airlines to ensure their entry-level pay attracts joiners from regional carriers to cover retirements and planned fleet growth.

North America is the only region that has a pilot shortage, equivalent to about 11% of supply, or 8,000 pilots, consulting firm Oliver Wyman said in July.

Europe and Asia have pilot surpluses that are expected to remain until the middle and end of the decade, it said.

The pay rises being achieved by pilots outside the US reflect the different supply situation and are often in line with the percentage gains on offer to all airline employees, as the business recovers from the pandemic and inflation rises.

In Australia, pilots at Qantas Airways’ low-cost arm, Jetstar, agreed in November to a twoyear pay freeze followed by 3% annual increases and a one-off bonus of about A$10,000 ($6,843.00), the same offered to other workers.

Hong Kong’s Cathay Pacific Airways said it would increase base pay an average of 3.3% in 2023 and offer bonuses worth the equivalent of one month’s salary to Hong Kong-based staff meeting performance targets.

Air France raised salaries for all staff 5% in September in anticipation of wage talks due in 2023, and offered a €1,000 bonus payment to its workforce.