Argentina’s new leader Javier Milei likely to temper anti-Chinese rhetoric

Argentina’s president-elect Javier Milei has a China conundrum. The libertarian economist insulted communist-run China in a fiery campaign, but takes office on Sunday needing the country’s second-largest trade partner more than ever as a recession looms and foreign currency reserves run dry.

Since he won the November 19 election, Milei’s team has taken a more diplomatic tone, reflecting complex ties with China, the top buyer of Argentinian soya beans and beef, a key investor in its lithium, and the provider of an $18bn currency swap — effectively, a form of credit provision that has helped Argentina avoid default.

Miguel Schiariti, president of the local CICCRA meat industry chamber, is hopeful of a “cordial” relationship, pointing to recent comments by incoming foreign minister Diana Mondino. China buys more than three-quarters of Argentina’s beef exports.

Mondino told Reuters in a December 2 interview that the new government would review “secret” state-to-state deals to ensure they were all above board, but emphasised Argentina would not cut ties with China, and would look in fact to bolster private trade.

“The private sector is the one that makes the deals,” she said. Argentina wants to “export as much as possible to everyone”. The new government will be keen to overturn trade deficits, including with China, standing at about $10bn in 2022, she said.

Not everyone is convinced that things will be so easy, with megaprojects including hydroelectric and nuclear requiring solid state-to-state relations.

In the southern province of Santa Cruz, Chinese-made turbines are set to arrive early in 2024 for a $5bn hydropower dam project, which the outgoing Peronist regional governor Alicia Kirchner said could be held up by the change in government.

“Those dams are at risk with Milei,” Kirchner said in October citing his public criticism of China during the campaign.

Milei “says we can be an island”, Kirchner said. “I don’t think the country has a future that way.”

Milei’s campaign has not spoken specifically about the dams.

China is providing financing for about a dozen infrastructure projects in Argentina, government data show, which range from railways and solar farms to space stations and fertiliser facilities. It also has a dozen mining investments, especially in the electric vehicle battery metal lithium.

Some projects are already facing big delays or are “paralysed”, said Patricio Giusto, director of the Sino-Argentina observatory based in Buenos Aires, citing poor management, regulatory hurdles and domestic economic issues.

That could worsen if diplomatic ties are strained, he said. Cross-cancellation clauses in some contracts could allow Beijing to stop loans to projects if another one were cancelled, he added.

“If Milei attempts to cancel any of these public works contracts, China would simply ask for the money back from any number of projects,” Giusto said. “That’s money Argentina simply doesn’t have.”

Construction of the two Santa Cruz hydropower plants, the biggest Chinese investment yet in Argentina and funded by the China Development Bank, began in 2015, but is less than half complete, said two provincial sources close to the work.

Chinese investors are likely to be practical, a senior diplomat in Buenos Aires said. “There won’t be confrontation with Argentina but projects will be reviewed.”

China’s embassy in Buenos Aires did not immediately respond to a request for comment.

China also gobbles up Argentina’s soya beans and other grains, buying more than 93% of the country’s soya exports in 2023, official data show. It rises to almost 100% for barley and sorghum.

Overall, China accounts for about 10% of Argentinian exports, and more than a quarter of its imports.

“We believe that the foreign ministry will maintain relations and negotiations with China,” said Gustavo Idigoras, president of CIARA-CEC, which represents major grains exporters and crushing companies such as Bunge and Cargill.

Meanwhile, China’s Gangfeng Lithium, Tsingshan Holding Group and Zijin Mining have major investments in Argentina’s lithium sector, the world’s fourth-largest producer of the “white gold” metal.

In China, experts expect a pragmatic relationship.

“Milei will view Argentina’s political relationship with China in economic terms. He used to be an economist, after all,” said Beijing-based Hu Yukun, a globa relations commentator.