New cost effective nuclear plans for China
Safer, small-scale, less toxic reactors fit climate change propositions
CHINA is betting on new, small-scale nuclear reactor designs that could be used in isolated regions, on ships and even aircraft, as part of an ambitious plan to wrest control of the global nuclear market. Within weeks, state-owned China National Nuclear Corporation (CNNC) is set to launch a small modular reactor (SMR) dubbed the “Nimble Dragon”, with a pilot plant on the island province of Hainan, according to company officials.
Unlike new large-scale reactors that cost upwards of $10 billion (R126bn) per unit and need large safety zones, SMRs create less toxic waste and can be built at a single factory. A little bigger than a bus and able to be transported by truck, SMRs could eventually cost less than a tenth of the price of conventional reactors, developers predict.
The global nuclear industry will require around $80bn in annual investment over the coming decade as countries strive to meet climate and clean energy goals, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) forecasts, and China is keen to get its hands on a substantial chunk of any new business.
“Small-scale reactors are a new trend in the international development of nuclear power – they are safer and they can be used more flexibly,” said Chen Hua, vice-president of the China Nuclear New Energy Corporation, a subsidiary of CNNC.
Beijing is now racing against the likes of Russia, Argentina and the US to commercialise SMRs, which include passive cooling features to improve safety.
Following the meltdown at Japan’s Fukushima reactor complex in 2011, the beleaguered nuclear industry has been focused on rolling out safer, large-scale reactors in China and elsewhere.
But these “third-generation” reactors have been mired in financing problems and building delays, deterring all but the most enthusiastically pro-nuclear nations.
The challenges of financing and building large, expensive reactors contributed to the bankruptcy of Toshiba’s nuclear unit, Westinghouse, and to the financial problems that forced France’s Areva to restructure.
SMRs have capacity of less than 300 megawatts – enough to power around 200 000 homes – compared to at least 1 gigawatt for standard reactors.
China is aiming to lift domestic nuclear capacity to 200GW by 2030, up from 35GW at the end of March, but its ambitions are global.
CNNC designed the Linglong, or “Nimble Dragon”, to complement its larger Hualong or “China Dragon” reactor, and has been in discussions with Pakistan, Iran, Britain, Indonesia, Mongolia, Brazil, Egypt and Canada as potential partners.
“The big reactor is the Hualong One, the small one is the Linglong One – many countries intend to co-operate with CNNC’s ‘two dragons going out to sea’,” CNNC vice-president Yu Peigen told a briefing last month.
Others are also pursuing the technology, with around 50 different SMR designs worldwide according to the IAEA. Russia leads the way on floating plants suitable for its remote Arctic regions and construction is under way on the world’s biggest icebreaker.
US firms including Westinghouse and Babcock & Wilcox have been developing their own SMRs, along with smaller start-ups like the Bill Gatesbacked Terrapower.
CNNC is now working on offshore floating nuclear plants it plans to use on islands in the South China Sea, as well as mini-reactors capable of replacing coal-fired heating systems in northern China.
Company scientists are even looking at designs that could be installed on aircraft.
Elsewhere in China, Tsinghua University is building a version using a “pebble bed” of ceramic-coated fuel units that form the reactor core, improving efficiency. Shanghai scientists are also planning to build a pilot “molten salt” reactor, a potentially cheaper and safer technology where waste comes out in salt form.
The success of new small-scale reactors hinges on investors seeing new large-scale plants coming online and building on those successes, said Christopher Levesque, Terrapower’s president.
“We’re not competing with those folks, we’re rooting for them,” he told an industry forum in Shanghai last month.
China has had some overseas success already with its Hualong reactor, with Pakistan currently building a plant using the technology. The Hualong is also expected to gain regulatory approval in Britain after China helped finance the $24bn Hinkley Point nuclear project there.
Officials acknowledge nuclear still struggles to compete with cheaper coal or gas-fired power. The OECD Nuclear Energy Agency estimates developers will need to build at least five SMRs at a time to keep costs down.
Taking into account much lower safety, environmental and processing costs, however, the agency said SMRs could be competitive with new, large-scale reactors – particularly in remote regions where the alternative is a costly extension of power grids.
“Given the delays and cost overruns associated with large-scale nuclear reactors around the world currently, the smaller size, reduced capital costs and shorter construction times associated with SMRs make them an attractive alternative,” said BMI Research’s Georgina Hayden.
Some developers believe basic SMR construction costs could eventually be cut to $2 000$3 000 per kilowatt, making it competitive with large third-generation plants and new, low-emission, coal-fired power.
“The cost of small reactors is a little higher than big reactors right now,” CNNEC’s Chen said on the sidelines of an industry expo in Beijing. “But we believe that alongside the further development and bulk production of this technology, costs will decline further.” – Reuters