Scientists attempt to make cows more environmentally friendly
ROME: From New Zealand to the US and Kenya to Colombia, scientists are on a mission to fight global warming by making livestock less gassy.
Livestock are responsible for about 14.5% of global greenhouse gas emissions, according to the UN Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO).
According to calculations by some experts, this puts the livestock sector on par with transport. The UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change says transport is responsible for 14% of emissions.
Ruminants such as cattle, buffalo, sheep and goats produce nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide and methane, which is the most emitted gas and is released through belching.
Scientists are working on ways to reduce those emissions, including by breeding animals that burp less, adjusting their diets so they produce less methane and planting trees in pastures.
“We domesticated ruminants over 10 000 years ago and relatively little has changed. It’s time that got an upgrade,” said Elizabeth Latham, co-founder of Texasbased Bezoar Laboratories.
Her company is working on a type of probiotic – helpful bacteria or yeasts in the digestive system – which has shown a 50% reduction of methane emissions in cattle during research.
Although less prevalent than carbon dioxide, the main greenhouse gas, methane is more potent because it traps 28 times more heat, according to a 2016 study by the Global Carbon Project, which groups climate researchers.
Bezoar’s probiotic can be put in water or feed, and even sprinkled on grass, said Latham, who won a Unilever Young Entrepreneurs Award in 2017 for the patent-pending product.
Thousands of kilometres away, New Zealand’s AgResearch has bred sheep to produce 10% less methane.
“In a single sheep, a 10% drop maybe not so significant. But when there’s 19 million sheep in the country, it starts to make a huge impact,” said Suzanne Rowe, a geneticist at the government institute.
The low-methane sheep are the result of a decade of research, and they are also leaner and grow more wool, she said.
“The beauty of breeding the animal to be low methane – is it’s permanent,” Rowe said, adding that the team is conducting similar research on cattle and deer.
Agriculture accounts for nearly half of New Zealand’s total greenhouse gas emissions, and transforming the sector is key to meeting the target of becoming carbon neutral by 2050, Climate Change Minister James Shaw has said.
Attempts to reduce methane emissions from livestock are not limited to the world’s most affluent nations.
In India, a national programme to boost the milk production of cows and buffaloes by improving their diet is also helping the environment, according to Rajesh Sharma, senior manager at the National Dairy Development Board.
The board uses software to assess the ideal diet for an animal, based on its physical profile and environment. Changes usually include adjusting the feed quantity and adding locally-available mineral supplements. The tailored diet means each animal produces 12% to 15% less methane, according to Sharma.
Over the past five years, the programme has reached about 2.6 million of the nearly 300 million cows and buffaloes recorded in India’s 2014 livestock census, he said.
In Kenya, scientists are testing various local grasses to see if they improve the productivity of livestock, which would reduce the amount of emissions per kg of milk, meat or eggs.
Cows are placed in respiration chambers where scientists measure the methane emissions from different feeds available in East Africa, said Lutz Merbold, senior scientist at the Mazingira Centre, a Nairobi-based research institution.
Results are expected in mid-2019, according to Merbold, who hopes to persuade farmers to adjust feed practices by appealing to their concerns on climate change.
“If you have a well-fed cow and drought hits you, it will probably survive longer than a less well-fed cow,” he said.
As consumers have become more environmentally conscious, ruminants have been vilified for their emissions, as well as the amount of land and water they require.
Beef farming in particular has been heavily criticised, as it accounts for 41% of the livestock sector’s greenhouse gas emissions, according to FAO.
In a March report, Greenpeace warned that a continued increase in the consumption of meat and dairy could undermine Paris Agreement targets to stop temperatures from rising more than 2°C above pre-industrial times. Yet, campaigns to abandon meat sometimes ignore the reality of small-scale farmers in Asia, Africa and South America who depend on animals for their health and livelihoods, according to experts. – Thomson Reuters Foundation