Kunesimo esidida izazi ngelanga
NGOKUDLULE sikhulume kabanzi ngelanga nezingxenye zalo ezigqamile kulona - okubalwa ithambo ( core), inyama ( radiative zone), isikhumba ( convective zone) nezikocwazi-ndilinga ( photosphere) - namuhla sithi ake siqhubeke siveze okunye ngalesi sakhiwomkhathi esiwumgogodla wempilo emhlabeni.
Indawo engashisi kakhulu elangeni iyibanga elingama-500km ngaphezulu kwezikocwazi-ndilinga, ukushisa kwayo kulinganiselwa ezi-4 100 kelvins (3826,85 °C). Le ngxenye yelanga iphole ngendlela yokuthi iyakheka imilanjwane ( molecules) elula njenge- carbon monoxide namanzi.
Umbalandilinga [ chromosphere - ukushisa kwayo okulinganiselwa ezi-6273,15 K (6000°C) kuya ezi20273,15 K -(20,000°C.)], yindawo ephakathi kombalandilinga nomqhelenkanyezi ( corona) [ukushisa kwayo kusuka ezi-20,000 K (19726,85 °C) kuya ezi-2 000 000 kelvins (1 999 726,85 °C)].
Umqhelenkanyezi uwu-6273,15 K (6000 °C), okuwukushisa okukhulu ukudlula okobusomhlaba ( surface) belanga khona okuyizi-5,778 K (5504,85 °C).
Lesi simo - sokushisa kakhulu komqhelenkanyezi - sidida ngisho izazi zezomkhathi kodwa kucatshangelwa ukuthi amagagasi anamandla abizwa nge- Alfven waves - okuwuhlobo lwesidlukuzazibuthesaja ( Magnetohydrodynamics) anamandla amakhulu okwenza umqhelenkanyezi ushise kakhulu.
Ukusuka kumbalandilinga, isiyingi esiphakathi kwawo nomqhelenkanyezi nawo uqobo umqhelenkanyezi, isigaba esilandelayo yingubolanga ( heliosphere) egcwele isajasivunguvungu ( solar wind plasma).
Lena yingxenye engaphandle kakhulu yelanga, kuthiwa iqala endaweni lapho isajasivunguvungu sivunguza ngesivinini esiphezulu ukwedlula esamagagasi e-Alfven - iyibanga elilinganiselwa e-0.1 Astronomical Unit (695,700 km).
Ubugudlugudlu bomoya ( turbulence) kwingubolanga kakuyiphazamisi indlela umqhelenkanyezi ome ngayo ngaphakathi kwazise ulwazi luhamba ngesivinini samagagasi e-Alfven. Isajasivunguvungu sihamba njalo siguduza kwingubolanga size siyophumela ngaphandle, kwakheke inkundlazibuthe ( magnetic field) esasishingishane ( spiral), egcina iwumngcele wengubolanga.
INKUNDLAZIBUTHE
Ilanga linenkundlazibuthe engafani ebuswenimhlaba balo. Iyahluka futhi nangesikhathi nendawo. isikhathi esilinganiselwa eminyakeni eli-11 (esibizwa nge- solar cycle) sokuguquguquka kwesimo selanga, yisona esigqamile kulokhu kungafani kwenkundlazibuthe lapho kugqama khona ubungako bamashandalanga ( sun spots) nokunyamalala kwawo.
Amashandalanga lawa abonakala engamabala amnyama kwizikocwazi-ndilinga. Lapho kunamashandalanga khona, kuthanda ukuphola uma kuqhathaniswa nezindawo eziwazungezile - okwenza abonakale emnyama.
Ngokuvamile, uma sekuzohlangana le minyaka eli-11 yelanga, ayimbijana amashandalanga abonakalayo kokunye kakubonakali ngisho elilodwa. Uma-ke le minyaka isiyothi gimbici, amashandalanga lawa avame ukwenzeka maqondana nenkabazwe ( equator) yelanga - okuyisigameko esaziwa ngeSporer’s law.
Elikhulu ishandalanga lingaba nomugqakankaba ( diameter) ongamakhilomitha angamashumi ezinkulungwane. UKUSHINTSHASHINTSHA KWESIMO NEMIKHUBA YELANGA Inkundlazibuthe yelanga iholela ezintweni eziningi okuthi uma sezihlangene zibizwe ngemikhuba yelanga. Umbanilanga ( solar flare), i- coronal-mass ejections (okuwukuxebuka okungajwayelekile kwengxenye enkulu yesajasivunguvungu neyenkundlazibuthe) kuvame ukwenzeka lapho kunamashandalanga amaningana.
UKWAKHEKA KWALO
Njengoba sike sasho ngokudlule, ilanga lakheke eminyakeni eyizi4.6 billion eyedlule emuva kokubuhluka kwenkunzimalanga yefu lemilanjwane ( molecular cloud) ebeligcwele kakhulu i- hydrogen ne- helium - okucatshangelwa ukuthi yilona futhi eliholele ekwakhekeni kwenqwaba yezinkanyezi.
Ubudala belanga buqagulwe kusetshenziswa uhlobo lwesimumathalwazi ( computer) esisebenza ukubheka ukukhula kwezinkanyezi nge- nucleocosmochronology - oku- yindlela yokubheka izigameko nesikhathi sezakhiwomkhathi ( celestial objects) okubalwa kuzona izinkanyezi, omaxhobela ( galaxies) nemihlaba engaphandle kwesimonkanyezi selanga ( solar system).
Ucwaningo lwezimbumbulu ( meteorites) zasemandulo, luveze izinsalela zogqulugqulwanamaphahla ( isotopes) oluphila isikhathi esifushane, njenge-iron- 60 edaleka kuphela uma kuqhuma izinkanyezi eziphila isikhathi esifishane.
Lokhu kukhomba ukuthi kunenkanyezikazi ( supernova) noma izinkanyezikazi ezimbili eziqhumile lapho kwakheke khona ilanga. Njengoba besishilo ngokwedlule ukuthi ilanga liyingxenye yezinkanyezi ezibizwa ngeG type main-se-
quence - njengamanje seliyoqeda ingxenye yesikhathi salo kulesi sigaba ( main sequence).
Lizohlala iminyaka elinganiselwa kweyizi-10 billion kwi-main se
quence. Umzuzwana nomzuzwana odlulayo, amathani ayizigidi ezine ogqulunzulu ( matter) aguqulwa abe ngamandla ( energy) ethanjeni lelanga.
Njengoba lidla lo mthamo wogqulunzulu ngomzuzwana, kusho ukuthi njengamanje lisadle ongaba yimihlaba eli-100 - okuyi-0.03% yengxenye yelanga. Njengoba ilanga likhula nje esigabeni se-main
sequence, nokushisa kwalo kuyakhula ngoba ungqulu lwe- helium luthatha indawo encane ethanjeni lelanga uma kuqhathaniswa nolwe-hydrogen oluhlangene nalo.
Lokho kwenza ithambo lishwabane (njengoba ilanga livutha), ingxenye engaphandle yelanga isondele ngaphakathi enkabeni idibane namandla amakhulu kanontandozibuthe ( gravity) - ngokweinverse- square law. Ukukhanya kwelanga sekukhule ngama-30% selokhu lakhekile eminyakeni eyizi-4.5 billion eyedlule. Njengamanje kukhula ngo-1% njalo emuva kweminyaka eyizi-100 million.
EMUVA KOKUPHELA KWE- HYDROGEN ETHANJENI Ilanga kalinaso isisindo esanele ukuba lingaqhuma njengenkanyezikazi, kunalokho lizophila esigabeni se-main sequence cishe iminyaka eyizi-5 billion - kusuka manje - bese liphenduka inguzanguza yenkanyezi ebomvu.
Uma i- hydrogen esethanjeni lalo isiphelile, lizoqhubeka nokuba yinguzanguza, ligcine liphindeke kabili ngobukhulu emuva kweminyaka elinganiselwa ezi-500 million.
Emuva kwalokho liyobe selikhukhumala ngokushesha isikhathi esiminyaka elinganiselwa ezi-500 million lize liphindeke ngama-200 kulokhu eliyikhona namhlanje - ukukhanya kwalo kuphindeke kayizinkulungwane ezimbalwa kuqhathaniswa namanje.
Yilapho-ke liyobe seliqala ukuba yingxenye yezinguzanguza zezinkanyezi ezibomvu, lapho liyochitha khona iminyaka eyizigidigidi bese lilahlekelwa ngokuthathu esisindweni salo. Ngendlela eliyobe selilikhulu ngayo, liyobe selimboze indawo okukhona kuyona iMecury, iVenus cishe nomhlaba imbala.
Sizoyiqhuba ngokuzayo