From freedom fighter to armed robber

Gcinikhaya Makoma was 17 when he took part in the St James Church massacre in 1993. Psychologist Malose Langa said: “Images of militarised masculinity were popularised and dominant during the liberation struggle against apartheid, particularly among urban youth who were recruited into resistance activities, and in many urban townships young boys who were not part of the liberation struggle and youth politics were constructed as lacking in masculinity.” This picture was taken years later, in 2012, when Makoma, who was granted amnesty for the 1993 attack, was jailed for life and 46 years for his role in a deadly cash-van robbery