Covid-19 vaccine is still a long way off

TESTING: PROCESS OF ASCERTAINING EFFICACY AND SAFETY NORMALLY TAKES YEARS

No silver bullet as fast-tracked vaccines still need to be tested.

No cure if even a small percentage of people become ill having been immunised.

Judging from comments I’ve heard and read, many Americans expect that a vaccine against Covid-19 will soon end the need for masks and social distancing and enable people to resume their pre-Covid-19 lives.

Alas, experts agree, such optimism is totally unrealistic. My neighbour – and the rest of us “nonessential” workers – will be lucky if we have access to a safe and effective vaccine a year from now. Here’s why.

Doctors most knowledgeable about vaccine development and the real dangers of reckless haste warn that, however promising a vaccine may seem now or months from now, premature release can do far more harm than good.

As was shown, for example, in 1955 when the original Salk polio vaccine was hastily rolled out, from rushing, no good can come. A mishap in mass-producing the vaccine caused polio in 70 000 children, permanently crippling 164 of them and killing 10.

A similar mishap with a coronavirus vaccine “could backfire, increasing people’s scepticism about vaccines and vaccine development and their distrust of doctors”, Dr Brit Trogen told me.

“Everyone wants the vaccine to be the silver bullet that gets us out of this crisis, but intense political and public pressure to release a vaccine before the science is ready could have devastating negative consequences,” said Trogen, a paediatric resident at NYU Langone Medical Centre and Bellevue Hospital in New York.

Keep in mind that if one or more of the vaccines now being tested for Covid-19 should happen to cause serious illness in even a very small percentage of people, there is still no effective cure.

Experts also worry about unwarranted expectations for the effectiveness of a vaccine. No vaccine prevents illness in 100% of recipients, though as with the flu vaccine, people who are vaccinated may end up with milder illness.

One of the Covid vaccines being tested would likely be able to prevent many cases of more serious, life-threatening infections, said Dr Paul A Offit, a world leader in vaccine development.

“Even a vaccine that is 50% effective in preventing fatal illness might be acceptable,” said Offit, professor of paediatrics and director of the Vaccine Education Centre at the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia.

It is not enough to know that a candidate vaccine produces an antibody response – even a vigorous response – in susceptible people or that hundreds of volunteers inoculated with it experienced no serious adverse effects.

Not until a vaccine is tested in tens of thousands of people can doctors be reasonably certain it is safe and effective, and sometimes not even then.

Under normal circumstances, this process takes years. But these are not normal times, so the testing of potential Covid-19 vaccines is being collapsed into months, which could increase the risk of foul-ups.

However, Dr Francis Collins, director of the National Institutes of Health, gave his word that, despite being in a hurry, “we will not compromise on safety”.

Here’s how Offit, who is involved in supervising the Covid-19 vaccine trials, described the necessary sequence of events:

A prospective vaccine is first tested on laboratory animals that normally develop Covid-19 when infected with the virus, such as mice, to see if it prevents the disease. This is called “proof of concept” that the vaccine can work.

It is followed by phase one and phase two trials in perhaps hundreds or thousands of volunteers.

Researchers look for evidence that the vaccine is safe and test different vaccine doses to find one that best results in antibodies that could protect against the virus. At least two vaccine candidates are already in this stage.

Now comes the big test, phase three, a prospective placebo-controlled trial of tens of thousands of individuals to assess both safety and effectiveness.

For one or more of the five promising Covid vaccine candidates being fast-tracked, this stage is expected to start in July.

Each phase three trial will entail 20 000 people who get the experimental vaccine and a control (placebo) group of 10 000 unvaccinated people.

The trials will take place in areas in the US and abroad that are already, or are expected to be, “hotspots” for Covid infections.

But depending on how prevalent the virus is this northern hemisphere summer where the trials take place, it could take months or even a year to determine how well the vaccine prevents disease.

“That’s the only way to know if the immune response seen in earlier trials is protective in the real world,” Offit said. “If there’s little disease over the [US] summer, it could be a problem. We may have to keep recruiting participants until enough people in the placebo group got sick to have a meaningful comparison with the vaccinated group. We can’t short circuit the process.”

He expects that the vaccine would have to be at least 70% effective to roll it out for mass use.

But even then, he added, “we wouldn’t know for many more months how long immunity would last”.

He cautioned against undue optimism about how good an approved vaccine will be.

He said a vaccine might be considered acceptable if it prevents severe disease, but not most or all infections that cause no symptoms, or only mild illness.

“Science is humbling – it always comes up with surprises we can’t anticipate,” he said.

“Once we have a vaccine, our job will be managing expectations. We’ll know about safety once millions have been given the vaccine, and we’ll know about durability only with time.”

We will not compromise on safety