How baleen whales sing
STUDY: HUGE MAMMALS FACE CHALLENGE FROM HUMAN NOISE POLLUTION Species has U-shaped structure, not vocal cords.
Baleen whales have evolved a special voice box to help them to sing underwater – but this could also make them uniquely vulnerable to being drowned out by human noise pollution, according to new research published on Wednesday.
Complex whale melodies, first recorded 50 years ago, are known to play a key role in the social and reproductive communication of these massive marine mammals.
While toothed whales have a nasal vocal organ, filter-feeding baleen whales use a larynx, although scientists had not figured out how it created the vocalisations.
In a new study published in the journal, Nature, a team of scientists in Denmark, Austria and the United States examined the larynxes of three stranded baleen whales – the sei, minke and humpback species – using scanning and modelling techniques to reconstruct how they produce sound.
They found several differences from land mammals, including a U-shaped structure instead of vocal cords, that allows them to generate their low-frequency songs.
“We’ve never seen this in any other animal,” said lead author Coen Elemans, professor of bioacoustics at the University of Southern Denmark.
“This is a completely novel adaptation and we think this allowed these large whales to make sound in the water while basically holding their breath.”
But the scientists also found a potentially serious challenge for the whales: the struggle to make themselves heard over noise pollution from ships.
Computer models showed that baleen whale songs can travel long distances through water, but at a maximum depth of 100 metres and at a frequency of up to 300Hz – within the range noise made by shipping vessels.
This means whales in a noisy ocean soundscape are essentially trying to talk across a busy motorway or at a loud party: the further away you are, the less you’ll be able to hear, Elemans said.
“It’s really sad that baleen whale vocalisations exactly overlap with the sounds we make, predominantly with shipping noise, and there is no way for the whales to sing louder, at a higher frequency, or deeper in the water.
“These animals really can’t escape this and we really need to mitigate the noise we make.”
They cannot even dive down to escape the din. The deeper they go, the greater the pressure which reduces the volume of air available for vocalising, said Joy Reidenberg, a professor at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, who was not involved in the study.
Noise pollution can force whales to change their behaviour, such as remaining silent until quiet returns, moving to another location, or trying to communicate over the noise – the latter two requiring whales to exert extra energy, potentially weakening their body condition and affecting long-term survival, she said.
Reidenberg said understanding whale vocalisations could aid conservation efforts by helping understand which depths are “critical habitats”.
This is particularly important at mating sites where – depending on the season – noise pollution can disrupt reproduction.
Researchers say there is an urgent need to regulate underwater noise. The harm goes beyond whales – there is evidence that scores of marine species are negatively affected by underwater noise pollution, said Melanie Lancaster, senior Arctic species specialist at the World Wildlife Fund, who was not involved in the study.
“We know the most about marine mammals, yet the impacts are much farther reaching, essentially impacting entire marine ecosystems,” she said. –