Why expanding the use of biodiversity to generate money is a good idea
SA’s government is calling for public comments on an updated version of its existing biodiversity economy plan.
The National Biodiversity Economy Strategy aims to conserve biodiversity while also contributing to job creation and economic growth.
It proposes to do this by promoting sustainable use of the country’s natural resources.
The strategy is being revised so that the country’s national policy is better aligned with recent international policy developments in the biodiversity sphere.
The most important of these is the Convention on Biological Diversity’s KunmingMontreal Global Biodiversity Framework.
This requires countries to develop domestic policies and regulations to ensure they conserve more of their land in ways that are fair to the people on that land.
Not everyone is happy with the strategy and its proposed revisions.
It’s been criticised for monetising and exploiting biodiversity — in other words, using biodiversity to generate money.
For example, the strategy lists using wildlife for fair-chase trophy hunting, meat hunting and wild meat sales.
It also lists fishing and harvesting indigenous plants (for example, for medicine and tea) and insects (for food).
But we think the strategy is a step in the right direction.
We are conservation scientists who have conducted extensive research into the outcomes of different conservation strategies in Southern Africa.
Our work shows sustainable use of wildlife is an important strategy for expanding the area under wildlife conservation in ways that also benefit local people.
Like other southern African conservation scientists, we support the revisions to the strategy.
They show that the government is planning to meet global biodiversity commitments in a way that benefits local people, wildlife and ecosystems.
The strategy addresses gaps in SA’s conservation model, such as that it still largely excludes previously disadvantaged groups of people.
It also aligns ambitious global goals for expanding protected areas with the country’s pressing development needs.
In our view, the revised strategy is an important step towards addressing these needs.
SA is a signatory to the Convention on Biological Diversity.
As such, it is required to report against 23 targets.
For example, target three is to conserve 30% of all lands and seas by 2030.
Target nine is to manage wild species sustainably to benefit people.
More than its predecessors, the convention’s latest framework recognises the need to conserve biodiversity as well as how biodiversity benefits people.
Southern African countries such as SA, Namibia and Zimbabwe have long acknowledged the link between wildlife and nature’s value to people through sustainable use conservation models.
Here are some examples: SA’s current model allows landholders to derive economic benefits from sustainably using wildlife on their lands.
This is commonly done through eco-tourism, recreational hunting and sales of live game and game meat.
This model results in many landholders opting for wildlifebased enterprises on their land, instead of other land uses such as agriculture.
The outcome is often biodiversity conservation beyond protected areas, because it benefits people.
This model has resulted in wildlife-based enterprises occurring across 14%-17% of the country’s land.
Wild herbivore numbers have increased tenfold since the 1960s.
The country’s revised strategy aims to expand this model.
It sets out ways in which people can derive livelihoods that ensure biodiversity’s benefits — both monetary and nonmonetary — and reach previously disadvantaged groups.
Namibia and Zimbabwe have also allowed private landholders and communities to become custodians of the wildlife on their land by establishing conservancies.
These offer eco-tourism, trophy hunting or both.
The result has been the recovery of wildlife populations and improved livelihoods for people.
But there’s some pushback on the concept of sustainable use, mostly from the global north.
In particular, trophy hunting is opposed on moral grounds and perceptions that it threatens wildlife populations.
Our view, however, is that the market expansion potential of key wildlife economy activities shouldn’t be diminished.
SA’s trophy hunting industry is one of the pillars of its wildlife economy.
The revised Biodiversity Economy Strategy aims to expand this activity to unlock conservation enterprises on community land.
Trophy hunting is estimated to contribute $250m (R4.6bn) per year to the economy and support 17,000 jobs, mostly in rural areas.
Currently, it largely takes place on extensive private game ranches.
We think trophy hunting and other sustainable use activities such as meat hunting and meat sales are important tools for including communities in conservation.
First, hunting has lower barriers to entry than eco-tourism.
It can also take place in less accessible and less scenic places, meaning it can help support conservation and livelihoods where eco-tourism cannot.
Second, undertaking several activities on a piece of land, including trophy and meat hunting, increases the resilience of the enterprise.
Such resilience will be critical for including communities in conservation efforts.
But relying too heavily on trophy hunting to sustain conservation would be a mistake.
It should be used as just one tool in a diversified biodiversity economy toolkit.
This is what the government’s revised Biodiversity Economy Strategy seeks to do.
It includes trophy hunting as one of many biodiversitybased economic activities the country can invest in, particularly in multi-use conservation landscapes which include protected areas and working landscapes.
These working lands include both private and community land.
The revision also includes a renewed focus on eco-tourism and game meat.
Additionally, it lists activities such as live sales of game, bioprospecting (searching for and commercialising nature products) and fishing.
A common concern of sustainable use on communal land is that it can become a “free for all”.
This assumption is a dangerous oversimplification. However, good governance is needed.
Investment into wildlifebased enterprises on community land should require a governing body, business and management plans, benefitsharing agreements and monitoring protocols.
SA, Namibia and Zimbabwe are some examples of African countries that have committed to policies aimed at unlocking well-governed, multi-use landscapes that support diverse livelihood strategies and link people to nature’s values.
The evidence shows that such landscapes can support the recovery of wildlife populations, the restoration of ecosystems, the improvement of rural livelihoods and rural innovation and resilience.
● Hayley Clements is Senior researcher, African Wildlife Economy Institute and Centre for Sustainability Transitions, Stellenbosch University. Alta De Vos is Associate professor, Centre for Sustainability Transitions, Stellenbosch University. Matthew Child is a PhD candidate, University of Pretoria. This article first appeared in The Conversation