Gender dimension of remittances to ...
Remittances are often considered a stable and reliable source of development financing. In 2018, remittances to Sri Lanka totalled to US $ 7.015 billion. At macro level, the contribution of remittances to the Sri Lankan economy is immense.
In 2018, remittances accounted for 7.8 percent of GDP and could cover 59 percent of the total import bill of US $ 11.89 billion or over 13 percent of Sri Lanka’s outstanding external debt (US $ 52.31 billion). Nevertheless, in 2015, remittances to Sri Lanka declined for the first time in the recent years and then 2017 and 2018 saw a steady downward trend.
While much is known about the macro level contribution of remittances, relatively little is known about the finer details. This article aims to shed light on the gender aspect of remittances, derived mainly from micro level data, to identify strategies to improve the country’s remittances in the future.
Declining remittances
In 2017, remittances to Sri Lanka declined by 1.08 percent, compared to the previous year, while the decline in 2018 was 2.08 percent. The Central Bank of Sri Lanka attributes this decline to the ‘prevailing geopolitical uncertainties in the Middle East region, due to fluctuations in oil prices and sluggish global growth’ and the decline in departures for foreign employment. Nonetheless, an underexplored reason for the decline in remittances is the recent changes in the composition of migrant workers from Sri Lanka.
Due to targeted policy efforts since 2013, the share of female migrant workers is less than that of males. At the same time, this has resulted in a decrease in the share of female domestic workers among migrant worker departures.
Average remittances
A recent study by the author examined the gender specifics in remittances to Sri Lanka. The study involved a sample survey of 669 migrants in 602 households in Kurunegala, Batticaloa and Colombo in 2018. The average size of remittances to Sri Lanka in this sample was Rs.39,550 and the most common frequency of remitting was once a month.
Gender and remittances as a share of income
The study also found some important gender distinctions in remittances to Sri Lanka. In this sample, men remitted up to 80 percent of their income earned in the country of destination. On the contrary, when it comes to females, a majority remitted a higher proportion, ranging from 81-100 percent of the income earned in the country of destination.
The disparity between men and women in the share of income remitted indicated that women are less likely to save for themselves in the country of destination and instead transfer all their savings as remittances to the family left behind. Correspondingly, more males retain up to about a fifth of their income in the country of destination, without remitting to Sri Lanka. It is unclear if males spend this portion of their income at the country of destination or save and bring it back in bulk upon returning to Sri Lanka.
Macro level data indicates that the females’ tendency to remit a larger proportion of income earned from foreign employment could be driven by their involvement in domestic employment. For instance, out of the 81,685 female departures in 2018, almost 80 percent were for domestic work, where food and lodging are provided free of charge by the employer.
Gender and value of remittances
As per study findings, up to the average amount of remittances (Rs.40,000 a month), there are a similar percentage of men and women remitting. However, implying the possibility of female migrants from Sri Lanka earning less than males, the study finds that in the monthly remittance bracket of Rs.40,000-60,000, there are more women than men. On the contrary, in the higher monthly remittance bracket of Rs.60,000-100,000, there are more men remitting than women.
These findings are consistent with international literature, which indicates that when they do remit, men remit higher amounts than females, possibly due to possessing higher skills, leading to better jobs and higher wages.
Departures and remittances
During the last 10 years, the share of females among migrant departures has declined from 52 percent in 2009 to 39 percent in 2018. Similarly, the share of female domestic workers among all departures has declined from 46 percent in 2009 to 31 percent in 2018. At the same time, the share of female domestic workers among all females was much higher at 88 percent in 2009. These macro statistics shows that the dominance of females has been on the decline during the past decade.
Nevertheless, the findings of the study based on micro data indicate that females are important when it comes to remittances. As such, policy formulation for revising the composition of labour migrants should also give due attention to the gender dimensions in remittances, for one of the key returns to Sri Lanka from labour migration is the remittances sent by migrants.
Increasing remittances
Given that the findings of the study indicate that females are already accustomed to remit large proportions of their income to Sri Lanka, it is important to re-examine the remittance implications of restricting female migration and especially of female domestic workers.
At the same time, it is necessary to encourage males to remit a greater share of their income from foreign employment. To this effect, predeparture training needs to place more emphasis on educating male migrants about the importance of remitting.
Finally, most remittances to Sri Lanka are still sent out of necessity by migrants who have family left behind. But, with the promotion of skilled migration for higher paid jobs, skilled migrants often leave as a family, with no one behind to receive remittances. For this group of migrants, remitting is often optional.
The remittance market in Sri Lanka has not yet tapped this potential pool of remitters. In order to make remittances to go beyond mere necessity, the financial sector needs to make remitting
attractive by associating benefits for remittances and making remittance sending and receiving quick, easy and hassle free.
(Bilesha Weeraratne is a Research Fellow at the Institute of Policy Studies of Sri Lanka (IPS). To talk to the author, email bilesha@ips.lk. To view this article online and to share your comments, visit the IPS Blog ‘Talking Economics’ - http://www.ips.lk/talkingeconomics/)