The South Pole is the southern end of Earth’s axis. The axis is an imaginary line through the centre of Earth around which the planet rotates. The South Pole is located in Antarctica.
Geographic, Magnetic and Geomagnetic Poles
In the geographic system of latitude and longitude, the South Pole is at 90° south. All the lines of longitude run between it and the North Pole.
Like the North Pole, the South Pole has a geographic pole, a magnetic pole, and a geomagnetic pole. The south poles lie in different locations in the southernmost area of Earth. The magnetic and geomagnetic poles constantly move position.
This geographic South Pole is not the same as the magnetic South Pole. Compasses point away from the magnetic South Pole, toward the magnetic North Pole. Although the geographic poles are fixed, the magnetic poles move slowly over time.
The magnetic South Pole is now on the Adélie Coast, in the part of eastern Antarctica that is across the ocean from Australia.
The geomagnetic South Pole is the southern end of Earth’s geomagnetic field. It currently lies on Antarctica near Vostok Station, a Russian research facility. The geomagnetic
South Pole is exactly opposite from the geomagnetic North Pole.
A Year at the Pole
The geographic South Pole does not experience seasons, days or nights like most other places on Earth. At the pole, six months of darkness, or winter, follow six months of daylight, or summer. The Sun rises on about September 21. It appears to move in a circle until it sets on about March 22. For the other half of the year, the South Pole is dark. This phenomenon happens because, as Earth revolves around the Sun, Earth’s axis stays tilted at the same angle.
During its six months of summer, the South Pole points toward the Sun. During its six months of winter, it points away from the Sun.
Exploration and Study
Antarctica is a difficult place to explore. The first efforts to do so and to reach the South Pole began in the early 1900s. Ernest Henry Shackleton, an Irish-born British explorer, almost reached the South Pole in 1909. The first people to succeed were the Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen and his four companions. They reached the pole on December 14, 1911.
British explorer Robert F. Scott had hoped to beat Amundsen to the pole, but he did not arrive until January 17, 1912. Scott and his men died on their return trip.
U.S. explorer Richard E. Byrd made the first flight over the South Pole on November 29, 1929. In 1957 – 58, British explorer Vivian Fuchs led the first crossing of Antarctica by way of the pole. The group set out in tracked vehicles in November 1957. After making it to the South Pole, the group reached the opposite coast in March 1958.
In late 1956 a U.S. Navy team began building a station at the South Pole. The facility — called the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station — was improved in the 1970s and early 2000s. Scientists now live there year-round.