China airstrips in disputed waters stoke tensions
China’s campaign of island building in the South China Sea might soon quadruple the number of airstrips available to the People’s Liberation Army in the highly contested and strategically vital region.
That could be bad news for other regional contenders, especially the United States, the Philippines and Vietnam.
The island construction work that is creating vast amounts of new acreage by piling sand on top of coral reefs is now moving into the construction stage, with buildings, harbors and, most importantly, runways appearing in recent months.
China now operates one airfield at Woody Island in the Paracel island chain, and satellite photos show what appears to be work on two, possibly three, additional airstrips on newly built islands in the Spratly archipelago to the east.
The bases could have a “significant impact on the local balance of power” by helping bolster the forward presence of Chinese coast guard and navy forces, said Euan Graham, director of the International Security Programme at the Lowy Institute in Sydney, Australia.
As with most South China Sea developments, China has remained opaque about its plans for the island airstrips. At a recent briefing, Defence Ministry spokesman Wu Qian declined to say how many China planned to build or what their purpose would be, repeating only that all military infrastructure was “purely for defensive purposes”.
Beijing claims almost all of the South China Sea and its islands and has created seven new features in the Spratlys since last year that are permanently above water totaling more than 800 hectares in area, according to satellite photos collected by US government agencies and private groups including the Washington-based Center for Strategic and International Studies.
While China insists its island building works are justified and don’t constitute a threat to stability, further militarisation of the region seems assured given China’s increasingly robust assertions of its territorial claims.
Those perceptions were reinforced with the deployment in October of advanced J-11BH/BHS fighters of the navy air force to Woody Island that was revealed online in China in October. China’s military has declined to comment on the reports.
The island’s 2.4-kilometre long runway will soon be eclipsed by one more than 3 kilometres long on the reclaimed island built atop Fiery Cross Reef in the Spratlys, the satellite photos show. Another runway is being built on Subi Reef, with signs of similar work underway on nearby Mischief Reef.
Patrols by fighter jets based on the islands, most likely temporarily given the salty climate and frequent storms, could serve to intimidate other claimants, especially the Philippines and Vietnam. That could also complicate regular operations by US forces which insist on freedom of navigation and overflight over the entire sea.
“In periods of tension, the intimidation value of air patrols from the islands would be considerable,” Graham said.
The airfields would allow Chinese aircraft to refuel, repair and if necessary, rearm without having to fly the more than 1,000 kilometres to the nearest Chinese air base on Hainan island, said Hans Kristensen, a China security expert with the Federation of American Scientists.
They would also be highly vulnerable to bombing in an actual conflict, although their presence alone would require additional planning and effort by opponents.
Short of that, the issue grows murkier and more troublesome, especially if China were to announce a zone of air control over all or part of the South China Sea. In that case, the airstrips could be launching points for patrols, enforcement operations and possibly strikes.
China announced an initial air defence identification zone over much of the East China Sea in late 2013, a designation the US, Japan and others refused to recognise.
In early December, China conducted what its air force spokesman Shen Jinke described as the latest “routine patrol” through the zone, featuring aircraft including H-6K long-range bombers, fighter jets and early warning aircraft.
Questioned on plans for a South China Sea zone, Defence Ministry spokesman Wu Qian said that would depend on threats to China’s interests and security.
“Therefore we will take into consideration a number of factors in making the decision,” Wu said.
Other countries also operate airstrips on their South China Sea holdings, but their size and level of sophistication are dwarfed by China’s new developments.
Vietnam’s strip on Spratly island is just 550 metres, just long enough to accommodate slow-moving cargo and surveillance planes. Those operated by the Philippines on Thitu Island, also known as Pagasa, Taiwan on Itu Aba, or Taiping Island, and Malaysia on Swallow Reef, are about twice as long, allowing them to land fighters as well.
Yet, only Fiery Cross Reef is long enough to accommodate bombers like the H-6K, whose air launched cruise missiles increase its destructive power.
Lying astride busy sea lanes, rich fisheries and a potential wealth of mineral deposits, the Chinese airfields would also boost China’s position over strategic resources it craves to fuel economic growth.
The new airstrips will also come in handy as China develops its aircraft carrier programme, particularly for training pilots in simulated night landings or to recover planes in difficult conditions.
However, their usefulness is constrained by the need for large amounts of jet fuel on hand, along with the need to reinforce strips built on sand to handle bombers and other heavy aircraft.
“If we start to see satellite evidence of fuel storage going in on a large scale in the artificial islands, that will be the clearest indicator that China is planning to develop them as active air bases,” Graham said.
“In periods of tension, the intimidation value of air patrols from the islands would be considerable”
EUAN GHRAHAM International Security Programme,
Lowy Institute, Sydney