Experts: Africa rice revolution on the horizon

15 hybrids tolerant to heat, diseases

NAIROBI: The first hybrid rice varieties developed in sub-Saharan Africa are yielding up to four times more than other improved varieties, say scientists, who are using web-based tools to identify the right climate conditions to maximise harvests.

The 15 hybrids, bred in Kenya and Tanzania, are also tolerant to diseases and the high temperatures found in Kenya’s western Lake Region and coastal areas.

Local farmers have always depended on imported hybrid rice varieties, particularly from Asia, which sometimes do not adapt well to conditions in sub-Saharan Africa.

As the climate shifts and arable land shrinks under population pressure, experts say there is a need for more innovative ways to produce food.

Africa’s food deficit is projected to increase to 60 million metric tonnes by 2020 if no action is taken, according to the Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA).

Joe DeVries, director of an AGRA programme to strengthen Africa’s seed systems, said productivity on the continent “is limited by the fact that farmers have a narrow choice of improved varieties.

“Most of them (are) planting varieties that were released more than 30 years ago.”

Denis Kyetere, executive director of the African Agricultural Technology Foundation (AATF), which has developed the new hybrids in a public-private partnership, said hybrid technology had revolutionised rice production in Asia, especially in China.

Asia’s productivity dramatically rose from an average of 1.89 metric tonnes per hectare in 1949 to 6.71 tonnes per hectare in 2012.

“With this technology, we look forward to Africa being able to feed Africa,” said Kayode Sanni, project manager for rice at the AATF.

In 2014, Africa imported 12 million tonnes of rice, mostly from Asia, he noted.

The AATF, in collaboration with private firm Hybrids East Africa Limited, has so far developed 140 hybrid rice varieties using African parent lines.

Of these, 15 — each yielding 7 to 10 tonnes per hectare — have been presented to the Kenya Plant Health Inspectorate Service (KEPHIS) for national performance trials.

Broomfield, Colorado-based aWhere Inc, a partner in the hybrid rice project, has developed web-based tools that allow scientists to determine when and where to conduct breeding, seed multiplication and seed production to take advantage of the best climate conditions.

Improved inbred rice varieties, such as the New Rice for Africa (NERICA) lines, are already in use on African farms.

With this method, two different parent varieties are cross-bred, and their offspring are selected through several cycles of self-pollination, or inbreeding, to get the desired result. The end product has the ability to reproduce itself through selfpollination because the rice plant flowers contain both the male and female organs.

With hybrid varieties, the parent plants are crossed separately with new varieties, and the offspring from those crosses are united to produce a first-generation hybrid seed, which performs better than both parents. The process is repeated each time.

“Currently, the average yield of inbred rice varieties in sub-Saharan Africa is 2.3 tonnes per hectare. But in trials, some of the new hybrids have produced between seven and 10 tonnes per hectare,’’ said Sanni, more than the breeders had hoped for.

“I think it is a tremendous breakthrough,” he added.

One potential problem is that seeds harvested from hybrid plants are not recommended for replanting because their superior performance is lost due to genetic separation, resulting in a lower yield.

That means farmers do not save seed from their harvest to plant again, and seed companies must cross the parent materials every season to produce new hybrid seed for planting.

“This has always been a setback — particularly for farmers who cannot afford higher prices of hybrid seeds. But through this project, we have developed an innovative way of helping the poor farmers, so that they can borrow the seed and pay (it) back only after harvest,” said John Mann, managing director for Afritec Seeds Ltd.