CAN GOING GREEN HELP PICK THE SLAVERY OUT OF COTTON?
Wearing thick gloves and a shawl wrapped around her face, Kanchen Kanjarya is busily picking cotton in the midday sun on her small farm in Mayapur in India’s western state of Gujarat.
Kanjarya, 42, works up to eight hours a day on the six-acre plot, one of millions of smallholder farms in India supplying cotton to garment factories making clothes for Western brands.
But while the days are long and the temperature can hit 35C, Kanjarya is delighted to be among a small but rising number of farmers being trained to grow sustainable cotton that can cut water and chemical use and improve profits.
With the global cotton industry under scrutiny for using forced and child labour and polluting the environment, more Western companies are starting to work with farmers to clean up fashion’s leading natural fibre — and its complex supply chain.
“With the extra money we can invest in our children’s education, buy equipment, and repair our homes,” Kanjarya told the Thomson Reuters Foundation outside her house in the dusty village of Mayapur, showing off her new toilet and shower.
“I have bought a tractor and also a motorbike for my son to get to his job. Two of my three daughters are teachers. This is good for the whole family and my children now have a future.”
Kanjarya is one of 1,250 women farmers in Gujarat, India’s biggest cotton and cottonseed producing state, taking part in one of a number of small initiatives led by companies to combat environmental problems and break the cycle of child labour.
For the past three years these women farmers have had classes and in-field training twice a month in sustainable farming methods such as water efficiency, natural pesticides, and soil health, designed to increase cotton yields and income.
The pilot, by the social enterprise CottonConnect and the Self Employed Women’s Association of India, and funded by the UK budget retailer Primark, has pushed up profits more than two-fold and is expanding to 10,000 farmers over six years, its founders say.
LOCAL SOURCING
Elsewhere in India the C&A Foundation, affiliated with the global retailer C&A (and in a partnership with a Thomson Reuters Foundation initiative to combat trafficking), is working with various groups to help 25,000 farmers move to organic cotton.
And the non-profit Better Cotton Initiative, set up in 2005, has nearly 1,000 members including retailers including Ikea, H&M, Burberry and Adidas, committed to fair work practices in cotton and regulated use of land, chemicals and water.
“We are seeing an increasing trend for companies to get involved in cotton production,” said Alison Ward, chief executive at CottonConnect. “The world is changing and it is starting to be far more about local sourcing but getting to the middle of the supply chain is a real challenge.”
Ward said only 10-12% of cotton globally is sustainable and it will take time, effort and investment to shift to farming methods that could improve profits and combat labour abuses in a crop historically plagued by slavery.
Industry experts say the cotton supply chain is the hardest to crack as the journey from field to store involves so many stages — from seed production to cotton growing, to gins to separate seeds and fibre, spinning mills to garment factories.
The global cotton industry is also massive, estimated to support about 250 million people in about 85 countries, many poor, with an estimated million cotton farmers in India.
A US Department of Labor report in 2016 said forced labour in cotton had been documented in eight countries — with Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan widely condemned for state-sponsored forced labour — and child labour in 17 nations, including India.
India, the world’s second largest cotton producer after China, is the only country named for having child and forced labour in both cottonseed production as well as cotton growing.
A study in 2014 by the Indian group Glocal Research, “Cotton’s Forgotten Children”, found the number of children under 14 working on cottonseed farms had doubled from 2010 to 200,000, as small hands are useful in cross pollination to produce hybrid seeds.
Director Davuluri Venkateswarlu said new research to be published this year showed the situation has not changed as more small farmers in India take up the profitable crop.
This meant the continuing use of child labour, as a recently enacted law allows children under 14 to work in a “family enterprise” as long as they also attend school.
‘LONG WAY TO GO’
“In pockets of Gujarat and Rajasthan the situation has deteriorated and the issue is what defines a family enterprise and whether children registered for school do attend,” said Venkateswarlu, blasting state governments for not doing enough.
He said interventions by such groups as the Better Cotton Initiative and CottonConnect involving companies were helping.
MC Karina, deputy rural labour commissioner for Gujarat, was confident the industry in Gujarat was free of child labour after a major drive to clean up cottonseed farms.
“We’ve been working on this concern for the last eight years and are now sure that not a single child is working on the cottonseed farms,” he told the Thomson Reuters Foundation.
With the complexity and lack of transparency in the cotton supply chain, international brands are getting more involved for the sake of their reputation and to meet ethical commitments.
Katharine Stewart, Primark’s ethical trade and environmental sustainability director, said her company set out to find an ethical and sustainable way to produce cotton at the same price as conventional cotton. Organic and Fairtrade has a premium.
Primark sells low-priced clothes such as $5 T-shirts in 11 countries, and is constantly under pressure to explain how it makes clothes so cheaply without exploiting workers.
Stewart said the retailer, with a high volume, low-cost business model, ensured workers were well treated in supplier factories and paid at least the minimum wage with regular and surprise audits, but wanted to dig further into the supply chain.
“We thought it would be easier to go bottom-up when you are talking about agricultural production and then work from both ends of the supply chain to join it all together,” she said.
She said the Gujarat pilot proved sustainable cotton could be produced at the same price as conventional cotton but Primark would not give figures for the “significant” amount invested.
“We are trying to do something about cotton and people are watching closely what we are doing,” said Stewart. “But you have to pick where you are going to prioritise. You can’t do it all at once.”
Thomson Reuters Foundation
“The issue is what defines a family enterprise and whether children registered for school do attend” DAVULURI VENKATESWARLU Director, Glocal Research