London’s bridges really are falling down
Three major crossings on the Thames are closed to cars — one of them is considered too dangerous even to walk across and even the iconic Tower Bridge was recently shut for two days
One by one, they stepped forward to tell their stories. Children suddenly forced to travel two hours each way to school. Pensioners whose weekly doctors’ appointments have turned into arduous, half-day treks. Shopkeepers whose businesses have been crippled by the disappearance of commuters.
All because Hammersmith Bridge, a majestic but badly corroded 19th-century suspension bridge that connects the district of Barnes with much of London, was closed last month for safety reasons.
“Now, I need to wake up at a quarter past six, every day, six days a week,” said Aston Jenkins, 10, drawing sympathetic groans from the frustrated, if exceedingly polite, crowd protesting recently at the bridge. “I can’t cope with that.”
While Hammersmith Bridge’s structural problems are particularly dire, it is far from the only London bridge that is crumbling. Two major crossings in the city centre, Vauxhall Bridge and London Bridge, are closed to car traffic while they receive urgent repairs. Tower Bridge, the very symbol of London, was closed for two days last month after a mechanical glitch jammed its drawbridge open.
It fell to a young schoolgirl — outfitted in a red cardigan and patent-leather Mary Janes, and brandishing a placard with angry pink letters — to make the inevitable point: “London bridges are falling down!”
Philip Englefield, a professional magician who lives in Barnes, pointed out that when a suspension bridge collapsed in Genoa, Italy, in 2018, killing 43 people, the Italians worked tirelessly, even as the country battled the coronavirus pandemic, to build a replacement. It was inaugurated last month.
“Why can’t we do that?” Englefield asked the crowd, as a gentle rain further dampened their spirits. “For goodness’ sake, this is England.”
As it turns out, that is precisely the problem: Hammersmith Bridge is an apt metaphor for all the ways the country has changed after a decade of economic austerity, years of political wars over Brexit, and months of lockdown to combat the pandemic, the last of which has decimated already-stressed public finances.
Like other London roads and bridges, Hammersmith Bridge had been neglected for decades. Fully repairing it would cost an estimated £141 million (5.6 billion baht) — funds that neither Hammersmith and Fulham Borough Council, which owns the bridge, nor London’s transportation authority, which depends on it, currently have.
Transport for London, which runs the subway and bus system and some major roads, has already had to negotiate a nearly £2 billionbailout from the government to make up for a shortfall in revenue after ridership plummeted during the lockdown. Except for rush hour, London’s subways are still largely ghost trains.
Hammersmith has appealed for help to Prime Minister Boris Johnson. But Mr Johnson won election by promising to spend money on marquee projects like a US$130 billion-plus (4 trillion baht) high-speed railway, not a cast-iron relic of Queen Victoria’s reign.
He also wants to spread the wealth to Britain’s economically challenged Midlands and North, not rescue a leafy, affluent enclave of London, where professionals commute from gracious Regency villas to jobs in the City and students practise on the manicured playing fields of the elite St Paul’s School.
“The national government is afraid of spending money in London because it would threaten its ‘levelling up’ agenda,” said Tony Travers, an expert in urban affairs at the London School of Economics. “Promising to build shiny things for the future is more attractive than fixing road surfaces or mending bridges.”
It doesn’t help that the member of parliament from Mr Johnson’s Conservatives who represented the district that encompasses Barnes, Zac Goldsmith, lost his seat in the last election. Mr Goldsmith, a well-connected friend of Mr Johnson’s, had pledged to fix the bridge during his campaign. His successor, Sarah Olney, from the centrist Liberal Democrats, said she could not get any cabinet ministers to answer her letters pleading for help.
Michael White, a former political editor at
The Guardian who lives on the north bank of the Thames, pointed out a problem of asymmetry: Barnes, on the southern side, needs the bridge more than Hammersmith, on the northern side, because scores of its commuters cross it every day to reach the nearest Tube station. There is less traffic in the opposite direction, which makes an expensive repair job politically hard to sell for officials in less well-off Hammersmith.
Still, the Labour Party leader of the council, Stephen Cowan, insisted that Hammersmith was fully committed to fixing the bridge — if it can find a financial lifeline. He credited the council with averting a potential calamity by hiring engineers to inspect the bridge in 2014. They found a web of tiny fractures in its cast-iron pedestals, evidence of untold years of corrosion.
In April 2019, authorities closed the bridge to cars, but left it open to pedestrians and cyclists. Then, after a recent heatwave, inspectors discovered that the fractures had widened. Because cast iron is more brittle than steel, those changes raised the danger that the pedestals could shatter, plunging the bridge into the Thames. The council immediately closed the bridge to everyone. “If we hadn’t done the comprehensive integrity review,” Mr Cowan said, “I genuinely believe we could have had a catastrophe.”
Not only is the bridge, and the footpath under it, off limits, the Port of London has banned boats from sailing underneath it. That will disrupt the annual boat race between Oxford and Cambridge universities, since by custom, the rowers cover a 6.7 kilometre stretch of the Thames that rounds the bend at Barnes, where revellers line up under the bridge’s swooping cables.
In a letter to the prime minister last month, Mr Cowan appealed to Mr Johnson’s sense of history. What a “terrible metaphor” it would be, he said, to allow a pioneering example of 19th-century engineering “to simply crumble away in the middle of the Thames, at the heart of our capital city”. In truth, he said, the bridge’s unusual design has long made it vulnerable to structural problems, and its cast-iron construction has made it much harder and costlier to fix.
The bridge narrowly escaped destruction in 1996 when the Irish Republican Army (IRA) planted two powerful plastic explosives underneath that failed to detonate. Four years later, another IRA faction successfully exploded a bomb under the bridge, forcing it to close for repairs for two years.
Residents could face a similar or even longer wait this time. Even stopgap fixes are costly: Stabilising the bridge enough so that people could walk across it and boats could pass under it would cost £46 million, Mr Cowan said. Building a temporary bridge for pedestrians and cyclists would cost £27 million and take six to nine months.
In the meantime, locals are floating other solutions, like starting a ferry service or running shuttle buses. Some, like Toby Gordon-Smith, have resorted to roundabout routes across other bridges (there are more than a dozen road or pedestrian crossings between Hammersmith Bridge and Tower Bridge). Mr Gordon-Smith, 46, who uses a wheelchair, said he chose to live in a riverfront apartment in Barnes because he could wheel himself across the bridge to his office in Hammersmith — 10 minutes door to door. “This is an important place for me to live, to be able to access my work, to be able to access the rest of London,” he said.
For older people who came to the rally, the fragility of London’s bridges is more than just grist for a nursery rhyme. Christopher Morcom, 81, recalled that in 1967, an American entrepreneur, Robert McCulloch, bought the crumbling London Bridge, dismantled it, and transported it stone by stone to Lake Havasu City, Arizona, where it now sits as a tourist attraction in the desert. (The London Bridge currently undergoing work is a replacement for that 19th-century version.)
It all gave Mr Morcom the germ of an idea. “I don’t know whether this old bridge is reparable,” he said, gesturing to Hammersmith Bridge. “Maybe we should sell it to the president of the United States.”
Promising to build shiny things for the future is more attractive than fixing road surfaces or mending bridges. TONY TRAVERS EXPERT IN URBAN AFFAIRS AT THE LONDON SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS