Digital resistance
Livestreaming by journalists and citizens in Myanmar keeps the world updated on the struggle to overturn the coup. By Reuters Reporters
When he heard soldiers had taken power in Myanmar again, Thar Lon Zaung Htet hurried to the office of his news agency in Yangon, grabbed a few essentials and carefully locked up. He has not been back.
His work now is on the city streets and his tool is his mobile phone linked to Facebook Live — streaming the nationwide protests against the coup that toppled elected leader Aung San Suu Kyi and ended a decade of tentative democratic reforms.
“Despite the difficulties, citizen journalists and media are posting in every possible way,” Thar Lon Zaung Htet, 37, told Reuters. “The important thing is we show the world what’s happening.”
With established media under ever greater pressure, the story of Myanmar’s anti-coup protests is being shaped for its people and the world by journalists and citizens streaming and sharing snippets of video and pictures.
About half of Myanmar’s 53 million people use the platform in a country where Facebook became synonymous with the internet during a decade of reforms since 2011 that transformed what had been one of the world’s most isolated states.
Although Facebook was banned by the junta after it emerged as a plaform for opposition, downloads of virtual private networks (VPNs) to skirt the block have surged.
“This is very important for the Burmese people,” said Zayar Hlaing, a veteran journalist and former member of the Myanmar Press Council. “People need to know what happened where, to whom so they can decide what to do.”
The military-appointed information ministry did not respond to a request for comment on livestreaming and the role of citizen journalists.
Three local outlets alone did 65 Facebook livestreams on Feb 22, a day that featured some of the biggest protests against the regime. One video from Thar Lon Zaung Htet’s Khit Thit Media got more than 185,000 views — one of the most watched clips.
Facebook declined to comment on the role of live video in Myanmar but said the platform has been used around the world by people seeking to raise awareness of social issues and highlight injustice.
Facebook late last month banned the military with immediate effect, citing “exceptionally severe human rights abuses and the clear risk of future military-initiated violence” as well as the army’s repeated history of violating its rules.
Thar Lon Zaung Htet became a journalist under the previous junta in 2003, but said that now he was more afraid than ever. Remote working is the rule for all nine staff at his news agency, which is financed by local civil society groups.
“This is the worst situation we have known,” he said.
Press freedom groups had complained that the environment was already getting tougher even under Aung San Suu Kyi, with RSF (Reporters without Borders) rankings showing Myanmar falling every year since 2018 — although it was still markedly more open than it had been in the years of censorship and control under full military rule.
At least 18 journalists have been detained since Feb 9, according to data updated on March 1 from the Assistance Association for Political Prisoners, a Myanmar activist group. Five remain in custody.
Journalists also say they have been chased down, blocked and intimidated by security forces and shot with rubber bullets. A group from 74 Media in northern Kachin State livestreamed their own arrest.
The ruling generals have said they value accurate reporting, but also threatened to withdraw the licences of media that do not stick to demands to stop referring to the ruling council as a “junta” and the army takeover as a “coup”.
The military-appointed government did not respond to questions on media freedom.
A group of independent local media
“People need to know what happened where, to whom so they can decide what to do”
ZAYAR HLAING Former member, Myanmar Press Council
said government statements since the coup contradicted constitutional provisions on free reporting and broadcasting and that they would continue to work in accordance with media ethics.
Alongside local media, a growing number of activists, protesters and members of the public are shooting pictures to share with the world.
“They are the front of the digital resistance,” said Emilie Pradichit, founder of the Bangkok-based Manushya Foundation. “They are the ones disseminating information for all of us. They are also facing the same risk.”
Such videos have become an important source of images for foreign media, including Reuters.
When security forces opened fire on protesters on Feb 20 in Mandalay, killing two people, bystanders recorded the scenes from multiple angles. Someone even had a drone.
State media reported that striking shipyard workers attacked police and some “aggressive protesters” were hurt due to security measures.
One man described the horror of watching one of the two victims bleed to death in the dust as he recorded video to share with the world. The amateur videographer did not want to be named for fear of reprisals.
As well as the risk of violence or arrest, just getting the video out is complicated by internet blackouts, which are in force daily from 1am to 9am and have been imposed at other times when tension was high.
Some livestreamers have nonetheless found ways to skirt the blocks on data transmission on local mobile networks — even if the video is sometimes shaky and blurred.
“We will figure things out in every possible way that we can,” said Thar Lon Zaung Htet. “No matter what.”