هوامش الدراسة

1- Jan Holvast, History of Privacy, In: Vashek Matyáš, Simone Fischer-Hübner, Daniel Cvrček, Petr Švenda (eds.), The Future of Identity in the Information Society. Privacy and Identity, (Berlin: Springer, 2009), pp. 13-42

2- World Internet Usage and Population Statistics, Internet World Stats, June 30, 2018, accessible at: https://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm

3- Digital 2019: Global Internet Use Accelerates, We Are Social, January 2019, accessible at: https:// wearesocial.com/ 2019/01/digital-2019-global-internet-use-accelerates

-4 توبـي منـدل وآخـرون، دراسـة اسـتقصائية عالميـة حـول خصوصيـة اإلنترنـت وحريـة التعبيـر، سلسـلة اليونسـكو بشـأن حريـة اإلنترنـت، باريـس: منظمـة األمـم المتحـدة للتربيـة والعلـوم والثقافـة، ،(2012 ص ص 12-15

5- Forget the Facebook leak’: China is mining data directly from workers’ brains on an industrial scale, South China Morning Post, April 29, 2018, accessible at: https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/ article/2143899/forget-facebook-leak-china-mining-data-directly-workers-brains

6- Ralph Jacobson, 2.5 quintillion bytes of data created every day. How does CPG & Retail manage it?, IBM, April 24, 2013, accessible at: https://www.ibm.com/blogs/insights-on-business/consumer-products/27-quintillion-bytes-of-data-created-every-day-how-does-cpg-retail-manage-it/

7- Internet Live Statistics, Internet Live Stats Website, August 2019, accessible at: http://www.internetlivestats.com

8- Louis Columbus, 10 Charts That Will Change Your Perspective of Big Data’s Growth, Forbes, May 23, 2018, accessible at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/louiscolumbus/2018/05/23/10-charts-that-will-changeyour-perspective-of-big-datas-growth/#6df49d262926

9- Big Data and the Future of Privacy, Electronic Privacy Information Center, 2019, accessible at: https:// epic.org/privacy/big-data/

-10 الصيـن تعتمـد علـى تقنيـة التعـرف علـى الوجـوه لمخالفـة مـن يعبـر الشـارع، مرصـد المسـتقبل، 2 أبريـل ،2018 موجـود علـى الرابـط التالـي: /https://mostaqbal.ae/facial-recognition-china-social-credit

11- Google’s incognito mode isn’t as private as you thought, NewYork Post, August 22, 2019, accessible at: https://nypost.com/2017/11/20/google-chromes-incognito-mode-isnt-really-incognito-after-all/

12- 2017 was the year consumer DNA testing blew up, MIT Technology Review, February 12, 2018, accessible at: https://www.technologyreview.com/s/610233/2017-was-the-year-consumer-dna-testing-blewup/

13- James Hazel, Christopher Slobogin, Who Knows What, and When?: A Survey of the Privacy Policies Proffered by U.S. Direct-to-Consumer Genetic Testing Companies, Cornell Journal of Law and Public Policy, April 2018; accessible at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3165765

14- Hyunghoon Cho, et.al., Secure genome-wide association analysis using multiparty computation, Nature Biotechnology: Vol. 36, 2018, pp. 547–551

15- Connected Cars: What Happens To Our Data On Rental Cars?, Privacy International, December 2017, accessible at: https://privacyinternational.org/report/987/connected-cars-what-happens-our-data- rental-cars

16- a world of data exploitation, Privacy International, 2018, accessible at: https://privacyinternational. org/recommendation-principle-or-safeguard/world-data-exploitation

17- EFF to Illinois Supreme Court: Protect Biometric Privacy, Electronic Frontier Foundation, July 5, 2018, accessible at: https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2018/07/eff-illinois-supreme-court-protect-biometric-privacy

18- National Cyber Security Alliance, US consumer privacy index 2016, TRUSTArc, 2017, accessible at: https://www.trustarc.com/resources/privacy-research/ncsa-consumer-privacy-index-us/

19- State of privacy report 2015 , Symantec, 2015, accessible at: https://www.symantec.com/content/en/ us/about/presskits/b-state-of-privacy-report-2015.pdf

20- 1-In-5 Internet Users Always Read Privacy Policies, But That Doesn’t Mean They Understand What They’re Reading, Consumerist, November 28, 2012, accessible at: https://consumerist. com/2012/11/28/1-in-5-internet-users-always-read-privacy-policies-but-that-doesnt-mean-they-understand-what-theyre-reading/

-21 انتهـاء عصـر الخصوصيـة.. 8 تغريـدات علـى «تويتـر» كافيـة لتحديـد المتلصصيـن علـى موقعـك، الشـرق األوسـط،، 31 مايـو ،2016 موجـود علـى الرابط التالـي: https://bit.ly/2YXLy34

22- Apple, Google Collect User Data, Wall Street Journal, April 22, 2011, accessible at: https://www.wsj. com/articles/SB10001424052748703983704576277101723453610

23- Detect Locations App, GitHub Today, 2017, accessible at: https://github.com/KrauseFx/detect.location

24- Emma Sims, RIP privacy: Thousands of apps are now recording your phone screen without permission Security, Alphr, July 4, 2018, accessible at: https://www.alphr.com/apps/1009691/privacy-apps-record- ing-phone-screen-without-permission

25- Google Privacy Policies, Accessible at: https://policies.google.com/privacy?hl

26- That Game on Your Phone May Be Tracking What You’re Watching on TV, Privacy International, December 28, 2017, accessible at: https://privacyinternational.org/examples/1939/game-your-phone-may- be-tracking-what-youre-watching-tv

27- Mike Isaac, Cecilia Kang, Facebook Expects to Be Fined Up to $5 Billion by F.T.C. Over Privacy

Issues, nology/facebook-ftc-fine-privacy.html 28- 17, Was 2019, The The New Facebook accessible York Times, ‘10 at: Year https://www.forbes.com/sites/nicolemartin1/2019/01/17/was-the-facebook-10- April Challenge’ 24, 2019, A Way accessible To Mine at: Data https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/24/tech- For Facial Recognition AI?, Forbes, January

year-challenge-a-way-to-mine-data-for-facial-recognition-ai/#647a4d055859 29- Sean March Gallagher, 25, 2018, Facebook accessible scraped at: https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2018/03/facebookscraped-call-text-message-data-for-years-from-android-phones/ call, text message data for years from Android phones, Arstechnica, 30- John Koetsier, Viral App FaceApp Now Owns Access to More Than 150 Million People’s Faces And Names, Forbes, July 17, 2019, accessible at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/johnkoetsier/2019/07/17/viralapp-faceapp-now-owns-access-to-more-than-150-million-peoples-faces-and-names/#18fb72c862f1

https://faceapp.com/privacy

32- 31- FaceApp FaceApp Privacy Terms of Policy, Use, January January 20, 20, 2017, 2017 accessible accessib le at: at: https://www.faceapp.com/terms

33- 2019, issie accessible lapowsky, at: How https://www.wired.com/story/cambridge-analytica-facebook-privacy-awakening/ Cambridge Analytica Sparked the Great Privacy Awakening, Wired, March 17,

34- Emma Sims, op.cit.,

35- Global Internet Report: Paths to Our Digital future, (VA: Internet Society, 2017), p. 32

accessible 36- Artificial at: Intelligence https://www.datatilsynet.no/globalassets/global/english/ai-and-privacy.pdf and Privacy Report, The Norwegian Data protection Authority, January 2018,

37- Perpetual Line Up - Unregulated Police Face Recognition in America, George Washington Law Center on Privacy and Technology, October 18, 2018, accessible at: https://www.perpetuallineup.org/

38- Bernard Marr, How Much Data Do We Create Every Day? The Mind-Blowing Stats Everyone Should Read, Forbes, May 21, 2018, accessible at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/bernardmarr/2018/05/21/howmuch-data-do-we-create-every-day-the-mind-blowing-stats-everyone-should-read/#2a9e92060ba9

39- 25 Million More Voice Assistants Coming This Year; Amazon, Google Dominate, Media Post, January 23, 2017, accessible at: https://www.mediapost.com/publications/article/293473/25-million-more-voice- assistants-coming-this-year.html

40- Amazon confirms that echo device secretly shared users private audio, ArsTechnica, May 24, 2018, accessible at: https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2018/05/amazon-confirms-that-echo-device-secret- ly-shared-users-private-audio/

41- iRobot’s latest Roomba remembers your home’s layout and empties itself, The verge, September 6, 2018, accessible at: https://www.theverge.com/circuitbreaker/2018/9/6/17817220/irobot-roomba-i7-robotvacuum-empties-itself-maps-house

42- Spectacles Glasses, accessible at: https://www.spectacles.com/

43- Google Glass: a survey about global wearable technology, Toluna Group, 2014, accessible at: https:// bit.ly/2ZepmAS

44- Wei Zhou, et. al., The Effect of IoT New Features on Security and Privacy: New Threats, Existing Solutions, and Challenges Yet to Be Solved, Shaanxi: IEEE International Conference on Smart Internet of Things (Smart IoT), 2018, pp. 2 - 7

45- Cloud Computing, Electronic Privacy Information center, accessible at: https://bit.ly/2OtSwI3

سلســلة اليونســكو بشــأن حريــة اإلنترنــت، -46 -47 Jksrg،2012توبــي الحوسـبةموجــودمنــدلالكميـةعلــىتكتـب وآخــرون،الرابــطالفصـلدراســةالتالــي:األخيـراســتقصائيةلعصـر عالميــةحــول الخصوصيـة، https://bit.ly/2Ot7j5Yالعـرب، خصوصيــة24اإلنترنــتسـبتمبر وحريــة،2017 التعبيــر،موجـود علـى الرابـط التالـي: https://bit.ly/2Y

48- Surveillance Industry Index, accessible at: https://sii.transparencytoolkit.org/ 49- The Global Surveillance Industry,

50- C. Bryan Foltz, Cyberterrorism, computer Privacy crime, international, and reality, accessible Information at: https://bit.ly/2Isuqde Management & Computer Security, Vol. 12 Issue 2, 2004, p. 159.

51- Cost of a Data Breach Report: Global overview, Ponemon Institute & IBM, 2018, accessible at: https://www.ibm.com/security/data-breach

52- NebuAd, ISPs sued over DPI snooping, ad-targeting program, Arstechica, December11, 2018, accessible at: https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2008/11/nebuad-isps-sued-over-dpi-snooping-ad-targeting- program/

53- Iran cracks down on web dissident technology, Telegraph, March 18, 2011, accessible at: https://www. telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/iran/8388484/Iran-cracks-down-on-web-dissident-technology.html

54- Jacob Kastrenakes, FCC fines Verizon $1.35 million over ‘supercookie’ tracking, The Verge, March 7, 2016, accessible at: https://www.theverge.com/2016/3/7/11173010/verizon-supercookie-fine-1-3-million-fcc

55- Polisis: Automated Analysis and Presentation of Privacy Policies Using Deep Learning, Accessible at: https://pribot.org

56- Privacy Monitor, accessible at: https://www.privacymonitor.com

57- Oliver Diggelmann & Maria Nicole Cleis, How the Right to Privacy Became a Human Right, Human Rights Law Review, Vol. 14, Issue 3, September 1, 2014, pp. 441 – 458.

-58 مــروة زيــن العابديــن صالــح، الحمايــة القانونيــة الدوليــة للبيانــات الشــخصية عبــر اإلنترنــت، )الجيــزة: مركــز الدراســات العربيــة للنشــر والتوزيــع، الطبعــة األولــى: ،(2016 ص ص 24 – 52، ص .55

59- H. Nissenbaum, Privacy in Context: Technology, Policy, and the Integrity of Social Life, (Stanford, CA: Stanford Law Books, 2010), pp.1-4

60- David Meyer, In the Wake of GDPR, Will the U.S. Embrace Data Privacy?, Fortune, November 29, 2019, accessible at: https://bit.ly/2MBXGze

61- What people like and dislike about Facebook, Pew Research Center, February 3, 2014, accessible at: https://pewrsr.ch/2yCdqKn

62- Information economy report 2017: digitization, trade and development, UNCTAD, October 2017, (p. 10), accessible at: https://bit.ly/2Df0Cgk

63- Ibid., p. 95.

64- Gwen Thomas, Defining Data Governance, Data Governance Institiute, accessible at: https://bit. ly/2zoKuYz

65- Algorithmic Transparency: End Secret Profiling, Electronic Privacy Information Center, accessible at: https://bit.ly/2Kq7MR6

-66 يمكن مراجعة الدليل على الرابط التالي: https://bit.ly/2OER1ag

-67 البقاء آمنا على اإلنترنت: دليل للشباب واألهالي حول الحفاظ على األمان على اإلنترنت، اليونيسيف، موجود على الرابط https://::يلاتلا www.unicef.org/egypt/ar/staying-safe-online

68- State of privacy report 2015, Symantec, accessible at: https://www.symantec.com/