Alien worm decimates corn crops in drought-hit southern Africa
The brown caterpillars, which cost Brazil $600m a year to control, were first reported in west and central Africa in 2016
After southern Africa’s worst drought in more than 35 years ravaged crops and sent food prices soaring, farmers are battling a new crisis: alien armyworms.
Godwin Mukenani Mwiya first noticed caterpillars chewing through his corn field south of Lusaka, Zambia’s capital, near the end of December. Two weeks later, he’d lost half his crop to the pest that’s already invaded more than 10 per cent of farms in the country and spread to Zimbabwe and Malawi.
The fall armyworm that’s native to the Americas has arrived in southern Africa for the first time, wiping out tens of thousands of acres of corn fields. For a region trying to recover from drought, the pest brings renewed fears of food shortages and inflation. The United Nations’ Food and Agriculture Organisation says the effects could be devastating for the area if its spread isn’t controlled.
“It’s really a national disaster because as you can see, half of my crop is gone,” Mwiya, a 56-yearold retired teacher who’s been farming for a decade, said as he scanned his ravaged field. “This has hit me below the belt.”
Food insecurity
About 32 million people in the region with a population of 236 million will be food insecure from June 2016 to March this year, the Regional Interagency Standing Committee for southern Africa, which includes the United Nations, said in a report. Prices for white corn, a staple, are about 50 per cent above the five-year average in July, it said.
The brown caterpillars, which cost Brazil $600 million a year to control, were first reported in west and central Africa at the start of 2016. They’ve since jumped the equator into Burundi, Zambia, Zimbabwe and Malawi. The spread has been more rapid than expected, according to Georg Goergen, an entomologist who’s studied their arrival and migration on the continent at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture in Ibadan, about 115 kilometres northeast of Lagos in Nigeria.
“If not controlled in the countries affected, it will have devastating effects not only in those countries, but neighbouring countries too, because the spread capacity of this pest is very high,” said David Phiri, who coordinates the FAO’s operations in southern Africa, where corn is a staple food.
African armyworms, a close relative, are common on the continent. The fall armyworm grows to a similar size of about 4 centimetres. Besides preying on crops, fall armyworms can become cannibalistic, eating competitors such as the African variety, according to a study by scientists including Goergen published in October.
National crisis
Severe outbreaks usually arrive with the start of the rains, especially after a long period of drought, according to the study.
Zimbabwe and Zambia are trying to contain the outbreak, with the latter declaring it a national crisis and deploying the air force to help distribute pesticide.
“There is no doubt that the introduction of this new pest will have lasting consequences for the farmer and food security in tropical Africa,” said Goergen.
FAO coordinator